Factors Affecting Adolescent Sexual Risk Taking Behavior in Nigeria and Gaps For Programming

The National Adolescent Health Policy in Nigeria defines adolescents as individuals between the ages of 10 and 24 years. This age group makes up one third of Nigeria’s total population of 148.1 million. Sexual and reproductive health issues lead the health challenges of adolescents in Nigeria and globally and this results from the sexual risk taking behavior prevalent among adolescents. As such, this literature review sets out to highlight the contextual factors affecting youth sexual risk taking and notes the gaps in youth sexual and reproductive health programing. The results showed that the sexual and reproductive health needs of male adolescents and have received little attention. Other youth groups not reached by sexual and reproductive health programs include: out of school young people, youths living with HIV, married adolescent girls, young people with disabilities, orphans and young people in rural areas. The review concluded with recommendations on how to meet these challenges.Master of Public Healt

Enhanced safety surveillance of GSK's quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine in Germany and Spain (2021/2022 season) using an electronic patient-reported outcome system for vaccine safety remote monitoring

Influenza; Safety; VaccinationGrip; Seguretat; VacunacióGripe; Seguridad; VacunaciónBackground Seasonal influenza epidemics are managed through vaccination each winter in the European Union, to prevent infections, complications, and deaths. As circulating virus strains vary unpredictably, vaccines are reformulated annually, and their safety monitored rapidly and continuously at the start of each season, following European Medicines Agency guidelines.Seasonal influenza epidemics are managed through vaccination each winter in the European Union, to prevent infections, complications, and deaths. As circulating virus strains vary unpredictably, vaccines are reformulated annually, and their safety monitored rapidly and continuously at the start of each season, following European Medicines Agency guidelines. Methods This enhanced safety surveillance study assessed pre-specified and other adverse events (AEs) occurring within 7 days of GSK's inactivated quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (IIV4) in children and adults in Spain and Germany. As the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021/2022 season), data were collected electronically, using a web portal or call center. Results Safety was assessed in 737 participants (median age 49 and 9 years in Germany and Spain, respectively, 19.3% with a chronic medical condition). After Dose 1 and Dose 2, respectively, 332 (45.1%) and 5 (26.3%) participants reported at least one AE, primarily pre-specified AEs. The most common AEs after Dose 1 (adults and children) were injection site pain, swelling or erythema, headache, and fatigue. After Dose 2 (in children), the most common AEs were injection site pain, rhinorrhea, fatigue, and decreased appetite. No new or unexpected safety issues were identified. Conclusion This study supports and confirms the safety profile of GSK's IIV4 in all age groups with a vaccine indication. The new electronic safety reporting method (with response rates of 75.4% following Dose 1 and 100% following Dose 2) provides an alternative for future studies to reduce the burden on sites or in case site visits are not feasible.GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA is the funding source and was involved in all stages of the study. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA also funded all costs associated with the development and the publishing of the present manuscript