PERFORMANCE BASED PAY AS A DETERMINANT OF JOB SATISFACTION: A STUDY IN MALAYSIA GIATMARA CENTERS

Compensation management literature highlights that performance based pay has two major characteristics: participation in pay systems and adequacy of pay. The ability of management to properly implement such pay systems may lead to increased job satisfaction in organizations. Though, the nature of this relationship is interesting, little is known about the influence of performance based pay on job satisfaction in compensation management literature. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between pay for performance and job satisfaction in Malaysian GIATMARA centers. The results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed that measurement scales used in this study satisfactorily met the standards of validity and reliability analyses. An outcome of stepwise regression analysis shows that determinant of job satisfaction is performance based pay. Further, this result confirms that pay for performance is an important antecedent for job satisfaction in the studied organizations.Pay for Performance, Job Satisfaction, Malaysian GIATMARA centers.

Kesan dan cabaran pelaksanaan kursus khidmat komuniti Di Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia

Kursus Khidmat Komuniti yang merupakan salah satu kursus Mata Pelajaran Umum dalam kelompok Umum 4 (U4) telah ditawarkan sejak 2018 di Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM). Kursus ini merupakan kursus elektif wajib. Pelaksanaan kursus ini memerlukan para pelajar membangunkan sebuah program khidmat komunti secara berkumpulan bermula dari merangka kertas cadangan program, penyediaan poster, pendanaan, penyediaan video dan penulisan laporan. Objektif penulisan ini adalah untuk melihat apakah faktor yang mencetuskan minat pelajar, cabaran yang dihadapi serta inisiatif yang dilaksanakan bagi memastikan program dapat dijalankan dengan jayanya. Kajian kes ini melibatkan lapan responden dalam kalangan pelajar UPNM yang pernah mengambil kursus ini. Responden telah ditemubual dan maklum balas mereka direkodkan menggunakan Microsoft Teams. Rakaman tersebut kemudiannya ditranskripsikan secara verbatim dan dianalisis secara tematik. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pelajar keseluruhannya amat berpuas hati dan menghayati kursus ini melalui program khidmat komuniti yang dilaksanakan. Namun, terdapat pelbagai cabaran yang dilalui oleh para pelajar semasa melaksanakan program khidmat komuniti; sebagai contoh masalah untuk mendapatkan dana program dan pandemik COVID-19 yang menyebabkan khidmat komuniti secara fizikal tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Kajian ini akan memberi cadangan kepada penambahbaikan pelaksanaan kursus ini supaya para pelajar dapat mengoptimumkan kebolehan diri dan kerja berkumpulan dengan lebih baik pada masa akan datang

Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles as a Predictor of Individual Outcomes

This study was conducted to measure the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and individual outcomes (i.e., perceptions of justice and trust in the leaders) using 118 usable questionnaires gathered from employees who have worked in a US subsidiary firm in East Malaysia, Malaysia. The results of exploratory analysis confirmed that the measurement scales used in this study met the acceptable standards of validity and reliability analyses. Further, the outcomes of Pearson correlation analysis showed six important findings: first, transformational leadership significantly correlated with procedural justice. Second, transactional leadership significantly correlated with distributive justice. Third, transformational leadership significantly correlated with trust in the leaders. Fourth, transactional leadership significantly correlated with trust in the leaders. Statistically, this result confirms that transformational leadership is an important predictor of procedural justice, transactional is an important predictor of distributive justice, and both leadership styles are important predictors of trust in the leaders. In addition, implications and discussion are elaborated

Military expenditure and economic growth empirical evidence from Malaysia

The relationship between military expenditure and economic growth has attract ample interest among economists as well as policy makers. The importance of expanding defence expenditure is substantially to coincide with national security and defence. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of military expenditure on economic growth in Malaysia. An econometrics time series analysis is employed using ARDL estimates spanning from the year 1979 to 2017. The empirical findings reveal a negative relationship between military expenditure and Gross Domestic Products (GDP). Despite the inverse relationship between defence expenditure and economic growth, Malaysia should not neglect the investment on efficient military expenditure, as it has proven that in some countries, defence expenditure promotes a long run economic growth by promoting more job opportunities, protecting the nation and thus, achieving sustainable development. It is recommended to add more variables in future study that can relate security and defence for the country like numbers of crime, and numbers of migrants and refugees. Conclusively defence and security are the important factors for the country in generating the world and public’s confidence and to captivate foreign direct investment. Hence, adequate policy making on military expenditure are utmost important to promote economic growth