Surviving the flood: the case of indigenous Batek of Malaysia

In Kelantan, the occurrence of flood is common, but a massive tsunami-like flood due to the receipt of high-density rain in Hulu Kelantan which happened on the 24th December 2014 was an exceptional event. Among the victims were the traditional semi-nomadic indigenous Batek who practice hunting, gathering and farming small plot of plants for their own consumption. To date, no data are yet available regarding the exact impact of this flood to their living conditions. As such, this study highlighted the coping strategies employed by the Batek people to survive this catastrophic flood, since they had never experienced any disaster events, neither naturally nor related to any unsustainable development activities. This study was carried out through qualitative approach utilizing focus group discussion. All the transcripts were coded and grouped by the themes that emerged from comparing shared characteristics and meanings using the software package for handling qualitative data, NVivo 10. The findings revealed that most of the participants believed that deforestation for the agricultural activity caused this massive flood. They had to build raft from bamboo to save themselves and other important things such as their personal documents. They survived for four days up on a hill with wild food sources such as ‘umbut bayas’, wild tubers and wild shoots before receiving basic needs from the relief teams. Data and information generated from this study can be used to provide a true understanding on the surviving strategies practiced during flooding on remote settlements, such as in the case of this Orang Asli Batek community. This is imperative so that in the future a more effective and systematic flood management can be provided in timely manner

Specific detection of fungal pathogens by 18S rRNA gene PCR in microbial keratitis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The sensitivity and specificity of 18S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of fungal aetiology of microbial keratitis was determined in thirty patients with clinical diagnosis of microbial keratitis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Corneal scrapings from patients were used for Gram stain, culture and PCR analysis. PCR was performed with primer pairs targeted to the 18S rRNA gene. The result of the PCR was compared with conventional culture and Gram staining method. The PCR positive samples were identified by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Main outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity of PCR in the detection of fungus in corneal keratitis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Combination of microscopy and culture gave a positive result in 11 of 30 samples of microbial keratitis. PCR detected 10 of 11 samples that were positive by conventional method. One of the 19 samples that was negative by conventional method was positive by PCR. Statistical analysis revealed that the PCR to have a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 94.7% in the detection of a fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>PCR is a rapid, sensitive and useful method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis.</p