Screening for developmental disorders in 3- and 4-year-old italian children: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND: The "Osserviamo" project, coordinated by the Municipality of Rome and the Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry of Sapienza University, aimed to validate an Italian version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 and to collect, for the first time in Italy, data on developmental disorders in a sample of 4,000 children aged 3 and 4 years. The present paper presents the preliminary results of the "Osserviamo" project. METHODS: 600 parents of children between 39 and 50 months of age (divided in two age stages: 42 and 48 months) were contacted from 15 kindergarden schools. RESULTS: 23.35% of the whole sample scored in the risk range of at least one developmental area of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3rd Edition (ASQ-3) and 7.78% scored in the clinical range. Specifically, 23.97% of the children in the 42-month age stage scored in the risk range and 5.79% scored in the clinical range. Males scored lower than females in the fine motor skills and personal-social development domains. Moreover, 22.79% of the children in the 48-month age stage scored in the risk range, while 9.55% scored in the clinical range. Males scored lower than females in fine motor skills. CONCLUSION: Italian validation of the ASQ-3 and recruitment of all 4,000 participants will allow these data on the distribution of developmental disorders to be extended to the general Italian pediatric population. One main limitation of the study is the lack of clinical confirmation of the data yielded by the screening programme, which the authors aim to obtain in later stages of the study

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) : evaluation of thyroid and taste

Background Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic, intraoral burning sensation seen mainly in middle-aged and post-menopausal females, without identifiable oral lesions or abnormal laboratory findings, but often associated with psychogenic disorders such as depression. The latter can have a range of causes, including hormonal. Objective Since there may be connections between BMS, psychogenic changes, hormonal changes and taste abnormalities , we have examined aspects of taste and thyroid function.. Patients and methods We selected 50 patients with BMS (study group) and 50 healthy subjects (control group) and analysed their ability to taste bitter, acid and spicy substances and analysed their thyroid function and Undertook thyroid echography. Results Taste sensation was normal in all controls. However, 30 of the patients with BMS reported ageusia for bitter taste and 2 had ageusia for acid. The use of pepper sauce ( Tabasco®) (spicy substance) produced a strong burning to the tongue in 28 patients of the BMS group but only in 10 controls. No control patients showed abnormality of thyroid function or echograpic abnormality. Five patients in the BMS group had biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism, 4 patients had raised levels of thyroid autoantibodies and, of the 41 remaining BMS patients, most (34) had thyroid echographic changes indicative of nodularity. Conclusions Hypothyroidism may be responsible for a negative influence on taste and consequent increase in trigeminal sensorial sensation (tactile, thermal and painful sensation)

Components of Purity to Describe the Polarimetric State of a 3-D Field Within the Reverberating Chamber

Reverberating chambers (RCs) are electrically large microwave enclosures in which a random electromagnetic 3-D, i.e., nonplanar, field is generated. To characterize such 3-D fields, a proper polarimetric decomposition is requested. In this article, a new set of parameters, namely the components of purity (CP), first proposed to the electromagnetic compatibility community, is presented. The CP parameters, which stem for the so-called trivial decomposition, are able to classify any 3-D polarimetric field into two states: regular and nonregular. Such characterization is of practical relevance, e.g., for RC isotropy testing

On the Trade-Off Between Enhancement of the Spatial Resolution and Noise Amplification in Conical-Scanning Microwave Radiometers

The ability to enhance the spatial resolution of measurements collected by a conical-scanning microwave radiometer (MWR) is discussed in terms of noise amplification and improvement of the spatial resolution. Simulated (and actual) brightness temperature profiles are analyzed at variance of different intrinsic spatial resolutions and adjacent beams overlapping modeling a simplified 1-D measurement configuration (MC). The actual measurements refer to Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data collected using the 19.35 and the 37.00 GHz channels that match the simulated configurations. The reconstruction of the brightness profile at enhanced spatial resolution is performed using an iterative gradient method which allows a fine tuning of the level of regularization. Objective metrics are introduced to quantify the enhancement of the spatial resolution and noise amplification. Numerical experiments, performed using the simplified 1-D MC, show that the regularized deconvolution results in negligible advantages when dealing with low-overlapping/fine-spatial-resolution configurations. Regularization is a mandatory step when addressing the high-overlapping/low-spatial-resolution case and the spatial resolution can be enhanced up to 2.34 with a noise amplification equal to 1.56. A more stringent requirement on the noise amplification (up to 0.6) results in an improvement of the spatial resolution up to 1.64

Long Process Incus necrosis in Revision Stapedotomy: Retrospective Clinical Study

Objectives: We describe our experience with long process incus (LPI) necrosis in revision stapedotomy and discuss the different management methods proposed in the literature to identify surgical techniques that can lead to satisfactory results over time. Methods: Twenty-two stapedotomy revisions, in 21 patients with the necrosis of the long process of the incus, are performed from 1997 to 2017. In cases of erosion or minimal necrosis of LPI, a new prosthesis of the same type or an angled prosthesis was applied higher on the residual incus stump. In cases of partial necrosis of LPI, a Donaldson type ventilation tube reshaped and placed on the residual incus stump to stabilize prosthesis, or glass ionomer bone cement was used. In cases of subtotal necrosis of LPI, a cup piston prosthesis in polycel was applied on incus residual stump. Pre- and postoperative (≥1 year) pure tone audiometry was performed for all cases. Air conduction threshold, bone conduction (BC) threshold, and air-bone gap (ABG) were documented according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Committee of Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines. Results: At 1-year follow-up, postoperative ABG was reduced to ≤10 dB in 13 (59%) cases and ≤20 dB in 19 (86.4%) cases. The mean postoperative ABG significantly decreased in each group. There was no significant change in postoperative BC thresholds, and there were no cases with postoperative SNHL. Conclusion: Excellent functional results can also be achieved in cases of long incus process necrosis. The choice of technique should be considered according to the degree of necrosis. Piston replacement with the same type or angled type prosthesis, in cases of erosion or minimal LPI necrosis, and modified Donaldson type ventilation tube, in cases of partial LPI necrosis, provided excellent hearing results

Retrieval of phenological stages of onion fields during the first year of growth by means of C-band polarimetric SAR measurements

The phenological stages of onion fields in the first year of growth are estimated using polarimetric observables and single-polarization intensity channels. Experiments are undertaken on a time series of RADARSAT-2 C-band full-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images collected in 2009 over the Barrax region, Spain, where ground truth information about onion growth stages is provided by the European Space Agency (ESA)-funded agricultural bio/geophysical retrieval from frequent repeat pass SAR and optical imaging (AgriSAR) field campaign conducted in that area. The experimental results demonstrate that polarimetric entropy or copolar coherence when used jointly with the cross-polarized intensity allows unambiguously distinguishing three phenological intervals.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and EU FEDER, under Project TEC2011-28201-C02-02

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Counteracts Rotavirus-Induced Ion Secretion and Enterocyte Damage by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Through Specific Effects of Living and Postbiotic Preparations

Background: Administration of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to children with gastroenteritis is recommended by universal guidelines. Rotavirus (RV) causes diarrhea through combined cytotoxic and enterotoxic effects. Aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of efficacy of LGG in an in-vitro model of RV diarrhea in its viable form (LGG) and conditioned medium (mLGG). Methods: Ion secretion corresponding to the NSP4 enterotoxic effect, was evaluated by short circuit current (Isc) and the cytotoxic effect by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Ussing chambers, upon exposure to RV in Caco-2 enterocyte monolayers treated or not with living probiotic or its culture supernatant. Mechanisms of enterotoxic and cytotoxic damage were evaluated including oxidative stress measured by reactive oxygen species, apoptosis evaluated by DAPI and nuclear staining, NFkβ immunofluorescence. Results: RV induced Isc increase and TEER decrease, respectively indicating ion secretion and epithelial damage, the two established pathways of diarrhea. Both probiotic preparations reduced both diarrheal effects, but their potency was different. Live LGG was equally effective on both enterotoxic and cytotoxic effect whereas mLGG was highly effective on ion secretion and showed minimal protective effects on cytoskeleton, apoptosis and NFkβ. Conclusions: LGG counteracts RV-induced diarrhea by inhibiting both cytotoxic and enterotoxic pathogenic mechanisms. Namely, LGG inhibits chloride secretion by specific moieties secreted in the medium with a direct pharmacologic-like action. This is considered a postbiotic effect. Subsequently, live bacteria exert a probiotic effect protecting the enterocyte structure

Glottic-SubGlottic adenoid cystic carcinoma. A case report and review of the literature

Background: Malignant tumours of minor salivary glands are uncommon, representing only 2-4% of all head and neck cancers. In the larynx, minor salivary gland tumours rarely occur and constitute less than 1% of laryngeal neoplasm. Most of the minor salivary gland tumours arise in the subglottis; however, they can also occur in the supraglottis, in the false vocal cords, aryepiglottic folds and caudal portion of the epiglottis. The most common type of malignant minor salivary gland tumour is adenoid cystic carcinoma. Methods: We present a unusual case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of glottic-subglottic region in a 61-year-old woman. Follow-up endoscopy and laryngeal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three years after treatment showed no recurrence of the tumour. Results: The diagnosis of glottic-subglottic adenoid cystic carcinoma should be considered in patients who are characterized by dyspnea, cough and stridor, but do not respond to pharmacologic approach. Conclusions: Adenoid cystic carcinoma is usually a very slow growing cancer, invested by an apparently normal laryngeal mucosa, so that it can show no clear symptoms for a long time. For these reasons the increasing number of diagnostic mistakes or late diagnosis that may be fatal in some case

An enhanced resolution brightness temperature product for future conical scanning microwave radiometers

An enhanced spatial resolution brightness temperature product is proposed for future conical scan microwave radiometers. The technique is developed for Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) measurements that are simulated using the CIMR antenna pattern at the L-band and the measurement geometry proposed in the Phase A study led by Airbus. An inverse antenna pattern reconstruction method is proposed. Reconstructions are obtained using two CIMR configurations, namely, using measurements collected at L-band by the forward (FWD) scans only, and combining forward and backward (FWD+BWD) scans. Two spatial grids are adopted, namely, 3 km x 3 km and 36 km x 36 km. Simulation results, referred to synthetic and realistic reference brightness fields, demonstrate the soundness of the proposed scheme that provides brightness temperature fields reconstructed at a spatial resolution up to ~ 1.9 times finer than the measured field when using the FWD+BWD combination.The work of Claudio Estatico was supported in part by the Gruppo Nazionale di Calcolo Scientifico–Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica (GNCS-INDAM), Italy. This work has been produced for the European Space Agency (ESA) in the frame of the Copernicus Program as a partnership between ESA and the European Commission.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft