Reconceptualizing the Republic: Diversity and Education in France, 1945–2008

Since the nineteenth century, France, not unlike the United States, has experienced significant immigration and, as a result, great flux. Yet, the French public discourse and policy instruments concerned with ethnic and racial diversities evolved in sharp contrast to those in the United States. Whereas U.S. nation-building incorporated the recognition of ethnoracial identities, with all of its trials and tribulations, the French nation's trajectory assumed a unitary form. Recent developments, however, point to changes in the Republic's projection of its identity and its citizenry. An analysis of school teaching finds that the Republic is now re-envisioned as open and tolerant of diversity, though more from a universalistic, normative perspective—increasingly indexed at the transnational level—than from a perspective that privileges France's immigrant and colonial past. </jats:p

Evaluation of material properties by NDT methods and FEM analysis of a stone masonry arch bridge

Masonry is the oldest building technique that still finds wide use in today’s building industries. The variety and natural availability of the materials that is needed for masonry combined with the easiness of the construction, has resulted in usage of masonry for thousands of years. The lack of research and underdeveloped codes in masonry results in poor applications of masonry technique which causes invaluable loss of lives of people in earthquakes. Today modeling of stone masonry structures is still very difficult because of unknown material properties.  This study focuses on estimation of the material properties by destructive testing methods (DT) and non-destructive testing methods (NDT) and analysis of a historic stone masonry arch bridge. After visual investigation, the geometry of the structure is determined and 3D model of the structure was generated and meshed for Finite Element Method (FEM). For evaluation of material properties, NDT methods such as; impact-echo and ultrasonic pulse velocity testing methods were used. Schmidt hammer test was applied for estimation of the hardness of the stones. Fallen stone and mortar samples from the bridge were taken to the laboratory and destructive tests applied on them to determine the properties of masonry components. The test results for the materials obtained from the DT and NDT methods were compared with each other. Using these results mechanical properties of the masonry were estimated using standards and codes. The gathered material properties were assigned to FE model and the model was analyzed

System Design For Organic Carbon And Nutrient Removal From Sewage Based On Energy Recovery

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2012Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2012Bu çalışmada, Kentsel atıksuların enerji potansiyeli araştırılarak, nufusa bağlı olarak yapılan hesaplamalarda kentsel atıksu arıtma tesislerinde gerekli enerji ihtiyacının ne kadarlık kısmının anaerobic çamur çürütücü ile geri kazanılabileceği üzerinde bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Bu yaklaşımda yaygın olarak kullanılan A2O ve uzun havalandırmalı aktif çamur proseslerinin ATV- A131 programında tasarımı yapılmış, çıktılar farklı şehirlere ait kentsel atıksu arıtma tesislerinin tasarım ve işletme verileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. A2O prosesi ile nütrient gideren uzun havalandırmalı aktif çamur tasarım sonuçları yıllık nüfus başına gerekli enerji ihtiyaçları açısından karşılaştırıldığında, A2O prosesi 50.000 ve 200.000 eşdeğer nüfus için net enerji ihtiyaçları sırasıyla 17,99 kwh/PE.a ve 9,04 kwh/PE.a olarak hesaplanmıştır. Uzun havalandırmalı aktif çamur prosesi enerji gereksinimi ise sırasıyla 37,38 kwh/PE.a ve 28,12 kwh/PE.a olarak hesaplanmıştır. A2O prosesi enerji ihtiyacı ve enerji geri kazanım açısından daha uygun olmaktadır. Her iki proseste de nüfus arttıkça net enerji tüketiminin azaldığı görülmektedir.In this study, energy potential of municipal wastewater is calculated, in calculations based on population, an approach on how much of the energy requirement, necessary in municipal wastewater treatment plants, can be recovered by anaerobic sludge digester, is developped. In this approach, widely used A2O and active sludge process with extended aeration are designed in ATV-A131 program, the outputs are compared with design and operation datas of municipal watewater treatment plants from different cities. When the results of A2O process and extended aeration active sludge with nutrient removal design are compared for their annual khw energy requirement per population, for A2O process, for 50,000 and 200,000 population equivalent, net energy requirement is calculated as 17.99 kwh/PE.a and 9.04 khw/PE.a respectively. The energy requirement of active sludge process with extended aeration is calculated as 37.38 kwh/PE.a and 28.12 kwh/PE.a respectively. A2O process is more convinient in terms of energy requirement and energy recovery. In both processes, it is observed that as population increases, net energy consumption decreases.DoktoraPh

Capacity Increase for Existing Steel Bridges Using Prestressed Cables

In the present study, a practical approach is proposed for geometric nonlinear analysis of existing steel bridges. The approach is defined by finite element displacement direct rigidity procedure, which is based on an iterative procedure. Tangent rigidity matrix is used for cable truss and/or framed steel structures formed by finite elements. Hence, effects of prestressed cables in system rigidity can be taken into account in the analyses. Moreover, stressing effects on cables are taken into account with equivalent temperature change. The research has three main parts. In the first part, prestressed cables are investigated for capacity increase for steel bridges. In the second part, an iterative procedure is proposed for existing steel bridges that can be used for geometric nonlinear analysis. In the third part, a representative bridge is modeled and analyzed. In the model, first, the representative model is analyzed as it is existing form and then, it is analyzed with prestressed cables in two different forms. So, three different results are investigated for their structural behaviors. In the analyses, geometric nonlinear behavior is investigated and results are evaluated. As a result of the study, capacity change by using stressed cables is defined for existing bridges

The determination of microorganisms in indoor and outdoor atmosphere in the Y.T.U. Davutpasa campus

Air can contain a number of foreign matters and microorganisms in various sizes, which may be harmful to human health besides essential substances necessary for respiration such as oxygen. The air quality in terms of microbiology in indoor and outdoor environments plays an important role in determining the possible risks and the precautions to be taken. The aim of this study is to examine the microorganisms in indoor and outdoor air in the Davutpasa campus of Yildiz Technical University. The active and passive sampling methods were used in nine different indoor and outdoor atmospheric environments. The best results were obtained by active sampling and membrane filtration methods. In the samples taken in March, the highest bacterial colony was detected in the wastewater laboratory at 35 degrees C. The highest bacterial and fungal colonies were found in the wastewater laboratory and in the middle garden, respectively. In the samples taken in April, the highest the number of bacteria at 20 degrees C was in the microbiology laboratory while the number of fungi showed differences according to the type of cultivation methods. In the gram staining, gram positive bacteria belonging to Sarcina sp, gram negative Monococcus sp., gram positive Diplococcus sp., gram positive Tetracoccus sp., gram-negative actinomycetes (branched bacteria), gram-negative Vibrio sp. and miscellaneous fungi have been observed. As a result, it has observed that there are various bacteria and fungi in the indoor and outdoor air we breathe. The number of microorganisms has changed according to the environment conditions

Collective participation in the divorce process: The witness institution

Boşanma; psikolojik, sosyoekopolitik ve toplumsal boyutlarının yanı sıra yasal boyutu olan bir süreçtir. Boşanmanın yasal boyutu taraflar açısından dava ilişkisini gerektirmekte ve boşanmanın yasal bir nedene bağlı olmasını öngörmektedir. Yargılamaya hâkim olan ilkelerden “taraflarca getirilme” ilkesi gereğince iddia, ispat ve delil gösterme davanın taraflarının sorumluluğundadır. Tanık delili ile ispat, bu sorumluluğun yerine getirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerdendir. Boşanma davalarında çoğunlukla tanık deliline başvurulması tanıklık müessesesini boşanmanın yasal konularının önemli bir gündemi haline getirmektedir. Tanık olarak en çok başvurulan grup ise, kök aile üyeleri, yakın akraba ve çocuklardır. Tanık listesinde yer almaları nedeniyle boşanma sürecine kolektif katılım gösteren tanıklar, tanıklık müessesesini sadece yasal boyutla sınırlı kalmayıp daha geniş bir sosyal çevrenin sınırları içerisinde ele almayı gerektirmektedir. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmanın amacı boşanma davalarında başvurulan tanıklık müessesini, tanıklığın hafıza ile ilgili bölümüne vurgu yaparak, yasal boyutun yanı sıra sosyal, kültürel ve toplumsal boyuttan ele almaktır. Bu çalışma ayrıca, çocukların boşanma sürecine katılımlarının bir yansıması olan çocuk tanıklığını tartışmaktadır.Divorce is a process that has a legal aspect, as well as psychological, socioecopolitical, and social aspects. The legal aspect of the divorce requires a case relationship between the parties and stipulates that the divorce must be based on a legal reason. In accordance with “the principle of preparation of case by parties” that dominates the trial, claim, proof, and the showing of evidence are the responsibility of the parties to the case. Proof with witness evidence is the methods used in fulfilling this responsibility. Mostly consulting the witness evidence in divorce cases makes the testimony an important agenda of the legal issues of divorce. The most commonly consulted group as witnesses are family members, close relatives, and children. For witnesses who participate in the divorce process corporately because of their presence on the witness list, it is required that the testimony is not only limited to its legal aspect but also dealt with within the boundaries of a wider social environment. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the testimony used in divorce cases from the social, cultural, and legal aspects, by emphasizing the memory-related part of the testimony. This study also discusses child witnesses, which reflects children's participation in the divorce process

A Comparative Analysis Between TIMSS-R (1999) Questions and LGS (1999) Questions in Life Science

Eğitim alanında uluslararası ölçme-değerlendirmeleri yapan bir kuruluş International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), katılmak isteyen ülkeleri fen ve matematik alanlarında dört yılda bir yaptığı sınavlar ile karşılaştırmaktadır. 1999 yılında üçüncü kez uygulanan sınava Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS-R) Türkiye ilk kez katılmıştır. Bu çalışma, tarama modelinin kullanıldığı nitel bir çalışmadır. Bu araştırmanın amacını, TIMSS-R 2000 raporunun fen alanı inceleyerek, katılan diğer ülkelerden toplanan çeşitli verileri, Türkiye’nin verileriyle karşılaştırmak oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca; TIMSS-R sınavında “Canlılar Bilimi” başlığında yer alan sorular ile Türkiye’de her yıl uygulanan Liselere Giriş Sınavı (LGS)’nda bu konu ile ilgili çıkmış soruları ele alınarak, soru tarzları Bloom Taksonomisi’ne göre analiz edilmektedir. 1999 yılında uygulanan TIMSS-R çalışması ile aynı yıl yapılan LGS sınavının soru tipleri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirildiğinde, öğrencilerin geleceğini etkileyen bir sınav için sadece “bilgi”, “kavrama”, “uygulama” ve “analiz düzeyinde sorular sorulması ölçme aracını yetersiz bırakmaktadır. Bloom Taksonomisi’nde özellikle “analiz, sentez, uygulama ve değerlendirme” düzeylerine önem verilmesi gereklidir ve öğrencilerin belirtilen düzeylerini ölçebilecek sorular sorulabilir. Uygulanan sınavlarda, çoktan seçmeli testlerle birlikte alternatif değerlendirme yöntemlerinden yararlanılması daha iyi olabilir.The association made international evaluation in education field (IEA), matches the countries wanted to be added in science and mathematics field with examination doing every four years. This examination applied third times in 1999 and Turkey attended to it first time.This research is a quality methods including survey models. The aim of this research is to compare between LGS and TIMSS-R questions about subject of life science and to interpret their questions‘ content. These questions‘ analysis was done with Bloom‘s Taxonomy. The Bloom‘s Taxonomy includes sub titles of information, comprehension, apply, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Every questions in both of LGS and TIMSS-R compared with their sub titles. In the results of study show that the questions‘category is very important for them. It is suggested that questions analyzed with Bloom should have equilibrium context and distribution

Association of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels with Iinsulin resistance in obese children.

Objectives: We investigated the relationship between insulin resistance reflected by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) index and serum HbA1c levels of obese children.Material and Methods: This study included 70 obese and 60 normal weight healthy children between the ages of 3 and 15. Anthropometric measures and biochemical tests (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c) were performed on all subjects. Plasma glucose levels were measured by the glucose oxidase method. Plasma insulin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). HOMA-IR index was used to estimate insulin resistance. A cut-off HOMA-IR level of ≥2.5 was accepted. The HbA1c analysis was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 5. Student’s unpaired t-test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to determine statistical significance.Results: Gender distribution did not reveal significant difference among the obese (F: 48.6%, M: 51.4%) and the non-obese (F: 46.7%, M: 53.3%) groups. The mean age value was significantly higher in the obese group (10.09± 3.09) (p&gt;0.005) than the non-obese group (8.31±3.14) (p&lt;0.05). The mean value of body mass index (BMI) was 25.55±4.3 in the obese group and 16.63±2.3 in the non-obese group. The mean HOMA-IR values of obese group (2.84±1.77) was significantly higher than the non-obese group (1.50±0.95) (p&lt;0.005). Insulin resistance was significantly higher in the obese group. Subjects with HOMA-IR ≥2.5 levels in the obese group had significantly higher HbA1c values than those with HOMA-IR &lt;2.5 levels.Conclusions: High HbA1c levels in obese children can be used as a screening tool to detect insulin sensitivity and resistance at an early stage.Key words: children, HbA1c protein, insulin resistance, obesity