Analyzing the Model of Educators’ Ethics and Conduct in the Qur’an

This study aimed at analyzing the model of educators’ ethics and conduct in the Qur’an. To do so, those verses of the Qur’an in which there was an educational situation were analyzed; at the same time, to understand the concepts of the Qur’an and their context more correctly, the interpretations of Al-Mīzān and Fī Ḍilāl al-Qur’ān were also referred to. In the present study, through the method of the theme analysis, first, 20 main themes of educators’ ethics and conduct related to the three process-oriented principles of learner's moral development, i.e. ‘cognitive, dispositional, and will and action’ were extracted. In the next step, the main obtained themes were categorized in the form of three organizing themes and one overarching theme; and finally, the network of themes and their pattern were compiled. The findings of the study show that the cognitive inferred themes in the components of ‘clear and unambiguous words for leaner's enlightenment’ and ‘explanation of true ends’, the dispositional inferred themes in the components of ‘explaining educators’ non-worldly goals and aspirations’, ‘identification of the educator with the learner’, and ‘gentle invitation from the educator’, and  the inferred themes of will and action in the components of ‘the educator’s initiative in action’ and ‘avoidance of coercion and contentment with reminding’ have the highest frequency; therefore, they are considered the most important components

Protective effect of melatonin and Amphotericin B in affected rats with Aspergillosis

Background and Objective: Fungal diseases are increasing in immunocompromised patients. One of the important fungal disseases is Aspergillosis. Few studies have been conducted on the effects of melatonin on fungal diseases. This study was performed to determine the protective effect of melatonin and Amphotericin B in Aspergillosis in rat model. Methods: This experimental study was done on 40 Wistar rat with weight ranging from 200 to 250 grams. Animals were allocted in five groups. The first group was positive control (immunocompromised condition with cyclophosphamide and inoclusion of Aspergillus spore). The second groupe was negative control (without drug and inoclusion of Aspergillus spore) and the third group was treated by melatonin (200 μg/kg). The forth group was treated by Amphotericin B and fifth group was treated by melatonin plus Amphotericin B, IL.6 and TNFα were measured in the first and tenth days after contamination. Results: The level of the IL.6 and TNFα in three interventional treated groups significantly reduced in compared to positive control group in first and tenth days (P<0.05). The level of the IL.6 and TNFα in melatonin plus Amphotericin B group significantly reduced in comparison with Amphotericin B and melatonin treated groups in first and tenth days (P<0.05). Conclusion: Melatonin with Amphotericin B increases immune competent system in rats affected with Aspergillosis

Re-Examining the Role of Implicit Implications in Jurisprudential Inference

The inference of jurisprudential rules is directly related to the way their evidence is implied. Among the indications, “implicit implication” is very important considering that it has many types. The upcoming research is trying to answer the basic question that how many types of implicit implication play role in deriving a Sharia ruling? By studying and exploring the sources and processing them in a descriptive and analytical way, these results were obtained: More than seven types of implicit implication play role in jurisprudential inference. Presenting detailed cases of jurisprudence proves the importance and role of these indications in deriving Sharia rulings and the lacuna of assigning and determining a place for the discussion of such implications in the discussion of Sharia arguments. Proposing a new plan to compensate for this gap is one of the other achievements of this research

In vitro Activities of Amphotericin B, Itraconazole and Voriconazole against Isolates of Aspergillus spp

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at the drug susceptibility testing of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus against amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole using microdilution method proposed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS M38-P document). 50 isolates of Aspergillus spp. supplied from environment of Emam Khomeini hospital and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined after 48 h against mentioned drugs in accordance with NCCLS M38-P document.MICs results showed that voriconazole was more active drug than itraconazole with MICs between 0.5 to 1 µg /ml. The MICs ranges for itraconazole and amphotericin B were between 1-8 µg /ml and 0.5-2 µg /ml, respectively. Significant decrease in MICs was seen for voriconazole with respect to itraconazole (P &lt; 0.05). Significant difference was not seen for each of drug in both A.fumigatus and A.flavus strains (P &lt; 0.05). None of isolates showed in-vitro resistance to used drugs but for better judgment of drug resistance, clinical trials abreast of in-vitro results need to be established

COMPARISON OF THE ACTIVITIES OF FOUR ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS IN AN IN VITRO MODEL OF DERMATOPHYTE NAIL INFECTION

Background: Onychomycosis is a difficult condition to treat and cure rates are disappointing. Moreover fungicidal action of antifungal agents in NCCLS assays and their rapid accumulation in nails in vivo are not compatible with the duration of treatment. Aims: This study aimed to find the effectiveness of 4 different antifungal agents in an in vitro model with some similarities to in vivo conditions. Materials and Methods: Strains of Trichophyton rubrum I-III, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (usual form), Trichophyton mentagrophytes 73, Epidermophyton Flucosom, Microsporum Canis, and Trichophyton Schoenleini which were isolated from the nails of patients, were hired. Inocula suspensions were prepared from 7 to 14 day-old cultures of dermatophytes. Antifungal agents including fluconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine, and griseofulvin were obtained as standard powders. For each antifungal agent, initial MIC was calculated by registering the optical density for 10 two-fold serially diluted forms which was incubated with diluted fungal suspensions with RPMI 1640. Human nail powder inoculated with different strains and incubated in RPMI 1640 and different concentrations of antifungal drugs for 4 weeks. Final MIC at different steps of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks were investigated. Results: The final MIC that resulted from the incubation of dermatophytes with nail powder was much more than the initial which was concluded from conventional MIC assay. Terbinafine had the lowest rate of initial and final MICs. Conclusion: The model described here may present more similar conditions to clinical fungal infections; therefore the results such as MIC may be more helpful for hiring the most effective antifungal agent

Antifungal activity of benzalkonium chloride, dettol , and chlorhexidine on opportunistic isolated fungi from the environment and operating rooms in private clinics of Tehran in 2011

Background and Aim: Due to increasing of fungal infections and isolation of fungal agents from different surgery sites and Intensive Care Units, the administration of effective disinfectants is essential. The present study was done to evaluate antifungal activity of various disinfectants on fungi isolated from the environment and surgery rooms in private clinics in Tehran between 2011 and 2012. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study was done during 2011- 2012 in Tehran. The fungi involved were isolated using plating and a sterile carpet. Thirty three samples were randomly selected and identified through slide cultures. Fungal suspensions were extracted from each fungus under cell ranges 0.5×104µg/cfu to 5×104µg/cfu and antifungal activities of disinfectants with defined concentration were evaluated by means of spectrophotometer after a lapse of 15, 30, and 60 min. Results: The most prevalent case of fungus was Aspergillus (i.e.13 cases or 39.4 %) and the least were Circinella and Alternaria each diagnosed only in 1 case (3%). Benzalkonium chloride (6%) and Dettol (2.5%) with antifungal activity against 27 cases (81.81%) and 26 cases (78.8%) were the most effective disinfectants, respectively after a lapse of 30 or 60 min, while 3% chlorhexidine .proved to be the least effective disinfectant after 15, 30 or 60 min. Conclusion: Benzalkonium chloride and Dettol had a complete antifungal activity, but chlorhexidine was found to be the least effective agent.. Therefore, the tested concentrations give out their most fungicidal activity as disinfectants, if their durability is taken into account

Candida Flora Colonization and its Complications in Patients with Down Syndrome

Background and Aim: Candida spp can colonize in oral cavity in immunocompromised patients and can lead to candidiasis. Because of immunocompromised condition in patients with Down syndrome, this study aimed at the colonization rate of candida spp in the mouths of such patients.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 53 patients with Down syndrome (29 males and 24 females) within the age range of 4-31 years (mean age: 11.1 years) and supported by the welfare organization, Tabriz branch. The samples were taken from the dorsal and buccal parts of tongues using sterile swabs, and were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA+ Chloramphenicol) and corm candida agar. Determination of candida species was based on phenotype characteristics and chlamydoconidia production in Corn Meal Agar containing Tween 80.Results: Altogether 60 isolates of candida spp were isolated from 46 positive patients [26 males (56.52%) and 20 females (43.48%)]. C.albicans with 35 cases (66.03%) were the most frequent isolate and C.dubliniensis with 9 cases (16.98%), C.krusei with 7 cases (13.20%), C.globrata with 5 cases (9.43%) and C.tropicalis with 4 cases (7.54%) were the following ranks. In 12 patients (22.4%), there were more than one species of candida in their oral cavity.Conclusion: Due to the immunocompromised condition in patients with Down syndrome caused by a decrease in IgA and the activity of H2O2 (main destructive agent of C.albicans), the necessity of colonization rate of Candida in such patients is recommended