INTEGRATING THE STAGED PREVAPORIZER-PREMIXER INTO GAS TURBINE CYCLES

ABSTRACT This paper describes a cycle analysis study on the use of the staged prevaporizer-premixer injector (SPP) in highpressure gas turbine systems fired with liquid fuel. A review of the SPP is given, including discussions of its operational concepts and previous research. The main portions of the paper consist of analyzing the use of the SPP in three different gas turbine systems: a steam-injected gas turbine (STIG) engine, a Frame H gas turbine in combined cycle, and a reheat gas turbine in combined cycle. Focus is placed on determining the effect of the SPP on cycle efficiency. In addition, SPP use in an engine conventionally recuperated by heat exchange from the exhaust gas stream to the compressor discharge air is examined. The SPP offers the potential of low NOx emissions for liquid-fired gas turbines. Because water injection is a method currently practiced for the reduction of NOx, simulations of engines without the SPP but with water injection into the combustor are also performed and comparisons are made. The simulation process is described, as are methods of how the SPP is implemented into the various engines. Results of the study are given, showing the effect of SPP use on cycle efficiency. In general, except for application to the conventionally recuperated engine, use of the SPP causes a decrease in cycle efficiency of around 1-3 percent (relative). The impact of water injection is somewhat greater, causing a 2.5-4 percent (relative) decrease in cycle efficiency. Further, the water injection does not provide as much NOx control as the lean prevaporized-premixed combustion

Social actors and designing the civil society of Eastern Europe

Il volume oubblica le prospettive sui progetti per la societ\ue0 civile nei paesi gi\ue0 socialisti reali. Esso \ue8 diviso in due parti La prima parte analizza il passaggio da "controsistema" a societ\ue0 civile di individui, networks sociali, e movimenti. La seconda parte approfondisce il ruolo degli attori sociali nel progettare una societ\ue0 civil