141 research outputs found

    Current approaches to gene therapy in oncology: construction of tumor vaccines

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    Tumorski označevalci v klinični onkologiji

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    The subtle differences between normal and tumor cells are exploited in the detection and treatment of cancer. These differences are designated as tumor markers and can be either qualitative or quantitative in their nature. That means that both the structures that are produced by tumor cells as well as thestructures that are produced in excessive amounts by host tissues under theinfluence of tumor cells can function as tumor markers. Speaking in general, the tumor markers are the specific molecules appearing in the blood or tissues and the occurrence of which is associated with cancer. According totheir application, tumor markers can be roughly divided as markers in clinical oncology and markers in pathology. In this review, only tumor markersin clinical oncology are going to be discussed. Current tumor markers in clinical oncology include (i) oncofetal antigens, (ii) placental proteins, (iii) hormones, (iv) enzymes, (v) tumor-associated antigens, (vi) special serum proteins, (vii) catecholamine metabolites, and (viii) miscellaneous markers. As to the literature, an ideal tumor marker should fulfil certain criteria - when using it as a test for detection of cancer disease: (1) posirive results should occur in the early stages of the disease, (2) positiveresults should occur only in the patients with a specific type of malignancy, (3) positive results should occur in all patients with the same malignancy, (4) the measured values should correlate with the stage of the disease, (5) the measured values should correlate to the response to treatment, (6) the marker should be easy to measure. Most tumor markers available today meet several, but not all criteria. As a consequence of that, some criteria were chosen for the validation and proper selection of the most appropriate marker in a particular malignancy, and these are: (1) markers\u27 sensitivity, (2) specificity, and (3) predictive values. (Abstract truncated at 2000 characters).Majhne razlike med normalnimi in tumorsko spremenjenimi celicami izkoriščamo vdiagnostiki in zdravljenju malignomov. Te razlike označujemo z imenom tumorski označevalci in so lahko kvalitativne ali kvantitativne po svoji naravi. To pomeni, da lahko kot tumorski označevalci služijo tako molekule (snovi), ki jih tvorijo maligne celice kot tudi molekule (snovi), ki nastajajov povečanih količinah v normalnih gostiteljevih tkivih pod vplivom malignih celic. Na splošno so tumorski označevalci značilne molekule, ki se pojavijo v krvi ali tkivih v povezavi z maligno boleznijo. Glede na uporabo delimo tumorske označevalce v grobem na označevalce v klinični onkologiji in označevalce v patologiji. V tem preglednem članku bomo obravnavali le označevalce v klinični onkologiji. Sedanja razdelitev tumorskih označevalcev vklinični onkologiji vključuje: onkofetalne antigene, placentalne proteine, hormone, encime, antigene, ki spremljajo tumor, posebne serumske proteine, kateholaminske metabolite ter skupino različnih označevalcev. Na kratko lahko povzamemo, da mora idealni tumorski označevalec izpolnjevati določene pogoje: (1) povišane koncentracije označevalca se morajo pojaviti že na začetku razvoja malignoma, (2) koncentracije označevalca morajo biti povišane le pri bolnikih z določeno vrsto malignoma, (3) povišane koncentracije se morajo pojaviti pri vseh bolnikih z enako vrsto malignoma, (4) izmerjene koncentracije morajo odražati velikost tumorske mase, (5) izmerjene koncentracije morajo odražati učinek zdravljenja in (6) določanje označevalca mora biti enostavno. Marsikateri med tumorskimi označevalci, ki jih določamo vsakodnevno, izpolnjuje nekatere, ne pa vseh navedenih pogojev. Kot posledico tega so raziskovalci vpeljali nekaj pojmov, ki naj bi opredelili kvaliteto tumorskega označevalca in omogočili čim boljšo izbiro označevalca za spremljanje določene vrste malignoma. (Izvleček skrajšan pri 2000 znakih)

    Tumorski supresor gen p53

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    p53 is a tumor-suppressor gene the alterations of which are among the most frequent genetic changes detected in human neoplasms. Its product - p53 protein is a component of several biochemical pathways that are central to carcinogenesis: DNA transcription, genomic stability, DNA repair, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. The analysis of the spectrum of p53 mutations and insight into the p53 mediated biochemical pathways of programmed cell death and cell cycle arrest, provide clues to understanding of molecular pathogenesis of cancer of mechanisms related to p53 mediated tumor suppression. The purpose of the resent article is to summarise the most important facts concerning p53 since understanding of the above listed processes might provide the potential molecular targets for the development ofa rational cancer treatment.Spremembe tumor supresorksega gena p53 so najpogostejše genetske spremembe, kiso jih doslej odkrili pri bolnikih z malignimi boleznimi. Proizvod omenjenega gena - p53 protein je namreč pomemben element različnih biokemičnihpoti, ki so ključne v procesu karcinogeneze: vključno s procesom prepisovanja DNA, ohranjanja stabilnosti genoma, popravljanja poškodb DNA, terkontrolo celičnega ciklusa. Analiza mutacij p53 gena in spoznavanje biokemičnih poti programirane celične smrti ter zaustavitve celičnega ciklusa,ki ju sproži p53 protein, sta prispevala k razumevanju patogeneze rakana molekularnem nivoju, kot tudi mehanizmov, preko katerih p53 deluje kot "zaviralec" tumorjev. Namen tega preglednega članka je strniti doseadanja dognanja o p53, saj naj bi razumevanavedenih procesov v bodoče olajavljenju malignih bolezni na molekularnem nivoju

    Tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]): Biological activities and mechanisms of action

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    [Enostavne avtologne tumorske vakcine]

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    [Serumska protitelesa proti proteinu p53 kot tumorski označevalci za sledenje bolnikov z Ne-Hodgkinovimi limfomi?]

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    Background. Tumor suppressor gene p53 is mutated in approximately 21% of patients with nonHodgkin\u27s lymphomas (the percentage varying from 0 up to 67% depending upon the histological type). Most of the mutations are point missense mutations resulting in nuclear accumulation of altered protein. Roughly one third of patients with overexpression of p53 protein develop circulating anti p53 antibodies. The present study was aimed at defining the usefulness of serial serological determinations of autoantibodies to p53 for clinical follow up of NHL patients. Patients and methods. Serum levels of antibodies to p53 were determined in various time intervals in three lymphoma patients (who had elevated serum levels at the time of diagnosis) for maximum two years using the commercially available ELISA kit p53-Autoantikoerper ELISA2. Generation. Results. In all three cases the temporal patterns of anti p53 antibodies reflected accurately disease progression or regression, and even foretold a relapse ten months in advance. The reflection of disease regression by autoantibodies lagged approximately three months behind the morphological disappearance of the disease due to a long half life of the antibodies. Conclusion. Our results confirmed the usefulness of antibodies to p53 as tumor markers for follow up of lymphoma patients, yet the subset of patients that could be appropriately followed up with this method is very limited due to the low proportion of patients that develop immune response to p53 protein.Izhodišče. Mutacije tumorskega supresorskega gena se pojavljajo pri približno 21% bolnikov z Ne-Hodgkinovimi limfomi (odstotek variira od 0 do 67% glede na histološki tip Ne-Hodgkinovega limfoma). Prevladujejo t.i. mutacije s spremenjenim smislom (mutacije"missense"), ki posledično privedejo do kopičenja spremenjenega proteina v jedrih tumorskih celic. Približno tretjina bolnikov, pri katerih se spremenjeni protein p53 kopiči v jedrih tumorskih celic, se na takšno kopičenje odzove z nastankom krožečih protiteles proti proteinu p53. S pričujočo raziskavo smo želeli določiti dinamiko gibanja serumskih protiteles proti proteinu p53 glede na trenutno stanje bolezni in naosnovi tega sklepati o vrednosti protiteles proti proteinu p53 kot tumorskihoznačevalcev za sledenje bolezni. Bolniki in metode. Serumsko koncentracijo protiteles proti proteinu p53 smo določali v različnih časovnih razmikih (v skupnem trajanju največ dveh let) pri treh bolnikih z Ne-Hodgkinovim limfomom in sicer z ELISA metodo p53-Autoantikoerper ELISA 2. Generation. Rezultati. Pri vseh treh bolnikih je dinamika gibanja serumskih protiteles proti proteinu p53 natančno odražala izboljšanje ali poslabšanje maligne bolezni, naraščanje koncentracije protiteles smo namreč opazili celo že deset mesecev prej, preden smo klinično potrdili ponovitev bolezni. Upadanje koncentracije protiteles proti proteinu p53, kot odraz zmanjševanja tumorske mase, pa je zaostajalo približno dva do tri mesece za klinično sliko,kar je seveda posledica dolgega razpolovnega časa omenjenih protiteles. Zaključek. Naši rezultati potrjujejo, da so serumska protitelesa proti proteinu p53 primerna kot tumorski označevalci za sledenje bolnikov z Ne- Hodgkinovimi limfomi. Žal pa je število bolnikov, pri katerih lahko uporabimo takšen način sledenja, zelo omejeno, ker se le manjši delež bolnikov na kopičenje spremenjenega p53 proteina v jedrih tumorskih celic odzove z nastankom protiteles

    Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha): biological activities and mechanisms of action

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    [PCR in analiza talitvene krivulje kot metoda za odkrivanje najpogostejših dednih mutacij v BRCA1 genu pri slovenskih bolnikih]

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    Background. Detection of inherited mutations in cancer susceptibility genes isof great importance in some types of cancers including the colorectal cancer(mutations of APC gene in familial adenomatous polyposis -FAP, mutationsin mismatch repair genes in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer- HNPCC), malignant melanoma (mutations in CDKN2A and CDK4 genes) and breast cancer (mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes). Methods. This article presents the technical data for the detection of five mutations in BRCA1 gene in breast cancer patients and their relatives. The mutations - 1806C>T, 300T>G, 300T>A, 310G>A, 5382insC -were determined by the real-time PCR and themelting curve analysis. Results and conclusion. In comparison to direct sequencing, this method proved to be sensitive and rapid enough for the routine daily determination of mutations in DNA isolated from the peripheral blood.Odkrivanje dednih mutacij v genih, ki so povezani z nastankom raka, napove verjetnost nastanka raka pri nosilcih mutacij in pri njihovih potomcih. Najpogostejše oblike raka, ki so povezane s podedovanimi mutacijami, so črevesni rak (mutacije v APC genu pri bolnikih s familiarno adenomatozno polipozo - FAP, mutacije genov za popravljanje neujemanja pri bolnikih z dednim nepolipoznim črevesnim rakom - HNPCC), maligni melanom (mutacije v CDKN2A in CDK4 genih) in rak dojke (mutacije v BRCA1 in BRCA2 genih). V člankupodajamo osnovne metodološke podatke za odkrivanje petih različnih mutacij v BRCA1 genu pri bolnikih s karcinomom dojke in njihovih sorodnikih. Mutacije 1806C>T, 300T>G, 300T>A, 310G>A, 5382insC smo določali s pomočjo polimerazne verižne reakcije v realnem času in analizo talitvene krivulje. Primerjava z direktnim sekveniranjem je pokazala, da je uporabljena metoda dovolj občutljiva in hitra za dnevno rutinsko določanje mutacij v DNA izolirani iz periferne krvi

    Serum interleukin-2 levels in malignant melanoma patients

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    Antitumor effect on interferon-alpha administered by different routes of treatment

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