Demand for Oil Products in OPEC Countries: A Panel Cointegration Analysis

The increasing consumption of oil-refined products on OPEC countries will have its impact on the availability of oil exports. The goal of this paper is to examine the determinants of oil refined products’ consumption for a panel consisting of 7 OPEC countries, namely, Algeria, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Emirates and Iran for the period of 1980–2010, by employing the recently developed panel data unit root tests and panel data cointegration techniques. Furthermore, conditional on finding cointegration, the paper extends the literature by employing the Pedroni Panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) Dynamic OLS (DOLS) procedure to generate. The study estimates the demand for Gasoline, Kerosene and Diesel. An attempt is also made to assess the impact of this demand on the future availability of OPEC oil exports. Keywords: OPEC; Demand for Gasoline; Kerosene; Diesel; Cointegration; panel data JEL Classifications: C33; Q41; Q4

Economic Models of OPEC Behaviour and the Role of Saudi Arabia

Previous studies of OPEC have suggested ways of explaining the behaviour of OPEC as a group. The specific role of Saudi Arabia in the market and within OPEC has received attention from some authors. This study analyses the role of Saudi Arabia in these models and tries to find how much they explain the role of Saudi Arabia in the period from 1973 to the present. Models of OPEC behaviour are divided into four sets. The first set of models does not address the role of Saudi Arabia; they include monolithic cartel models and competitive models. The second set examines the role of Saudi Arabia in the oil markets; they include the different group models and the swing producer model. Then we discuss other theories of OPEC behaviour that may apply to Saudi Arabia, namely the target capacity utilisation model, the fiscal constraint model and the property right model. This is followed by a political interpretation of Saudi Arabia’s behaviour in the world oil market. Since Saudi Arabia is a major producer of oil it is likely to use its production and pricing policies to achieve certain objectives. These objectives are discussed in the light of each model and compared with expected oil policy.

The Magnet Hospital Concept is an Ideological Approach to Job Satisfaction and Quality of Care: A Systematic Review

Background: Healthcare services required effective intervention based on nursing care and services. In the early ages of advanced and scientific healthcare concerns. There were few excellent nurses who could perform scientific healthcare services to the patient. Therefore, to maintain healthcare decorum. It was important to address the excellence of healthcare performance among the nurses.Aim: the aim was to establish the best available evidence on the impact of the "Magnetic Hospital" designation on outcomes for both nurses and clinical patients.Method: A systematic review was conducted in the past literature published in English language by using targeted keywords. Results: The strongest evidence thrown by the results of the review confirms the positive impact of the accreditation as "Magnetic Hospital" in the work environment perceived by nursing as well as in the association with lower levels of emotional exhaustion, greater job satisfaction, and a greater intention to remain in their job. Conclusion: Magnet hospitals holds better outcomes as Job satisfaction can lead nurses towards better healthcare outcomes which are patient satisfaction and can produce healthy results on the reliance and productivity of such hospitals

Modelling Saudi Arabia behaviour in the world oil market 1976-1996

The importance of Saudi Arabia as a large producer of oil can be ignored. In the seventies, OPEC determined the price of Arabian Light as a reference and the members of OPEC set the price of their oil, selling as much as they wanted, while Saudi Arabia was able to maintain its role as the residual supplier and acted as the swing producer adjusting its output to stabiles the price of oil. However, the expansion of non-OPEC supply and other factors influencing the world oil market in the eighties led Saudi Arabia to adopt the role of market sharing producer. Two models are tested using Cointegration analysis (Johansen procedures) and appropriate time series of oil price and product data are used

Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with inborn errors of immunity (primary immunodeficiencies): a systematic review

Abstract Background Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are considered significant challenges for children with IEIs, their families, and their medical providers. Infections are the most common complication of IEIs and children can acquire coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) even when protective measures are taken. Objectives To estimate the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with IEIs and analyse the demographic parameters, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in children with IEIs with COVID-19 illness. Methods For this systematic review, we searched ProQuest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guideline for studies on the development of COVID-19 in children with IEIs, published from December 1, 2019 to February 28, 2023, with English language restriction. Results Of the 1095 papers that were identified, 116 articles were included in the systematic review (73 case report, 38 cohort 4 case-series and 1 case–control studies). Studies involving 710 children with IEIs with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among all 710 IEIs pediatric cases who acquired SARS-CoV-2, some children were documented to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 119, 16.8%), intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation (n = 87, 12.2%), suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 98, 13.8%) or died (n = 60, 8.4%). Overall, COVID-19 in children with different IEIs patents resulted in no or low severity of disease in more than 76% of all included cases (COVID-19 severity: asymptomatic = 105, mild = 351, or moderate = 88). The majority of children with IEIs received treatment for COVID-19 (n = 579, 81.5%). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) due to COVID-19 in children with IEIs occurred in 103 (14.5%). Fatality in children with IEIs with COVID-19 was reported in any of the included IEIs categories for cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies (n = 19, 18.6%), immune dysregulatory diseases (n = 17, 17.9%), innate immunodeficiencies (n = 5, 10%), bone marrow failure (n = 1, 14.3%), complement deficiencies (n = 1, 9.1%), combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features (n = 7, 5.5%), phagocytic diseases (n = 3, 5.5%), autoinflammatory diseases (n = 2, 3%) and predominantly antibody deficiencies (n = 5, 2.5%). Mortality was COVID-19-related in a considerable number of children with IEIs (29/60, 48.3%). The highest ICU admission and fatality rates were observed in cases belonging to cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies (26.5% and 18.6%) and immune dysregulatory diseases (35.8% and 17.9%) groups, especially in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who suffered severe combined immunodeficiency (28.6% and 23.8%), combined immunodeficiency (25% and 15%), familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (40% and 20%), X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases-1 (75% and 75%) and X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases-2 (50% and 50%) compared to the other IEIs cases. Conclusion Children with IEIs infected with SARS-CoV-2 may experience higher rates of ICU admission and mortality in comparison with the immunocompetent pediatric populations. Underlying immune defects does seem to be independent risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with IEIs, a number of children with SCID and CID were reported to have prolonged infections–though the number of patients is small–but especially immune dysregulation diseases (XLP1 and XLP2) and innate immunodeficiencies impairing type I interferon signalling (IFNAR1, IFNAR2 and TBK1)