Reduction of quantization error in measurement of frequency

Method reduces quantization errors using new digital circuit. Circuit provides very high resolution (10 to the minus 2nd power to 10 to the minus 3rd power Hz) without high-speed counters. It lends itself to microminaturization and is simple to construct. Unknown frequency is compared to standard frequency by means of zero-crossing coincidence-detecting circuit

One way Doppler extractor. Volume 1: Vernier technique

A feasibility analysis, trade-offs, and implementation for a One Way Doppler Extraction system are discussed. A Doppler error analysis shows that quantization error is a primary source of Doppler measurement error. Several competing extraction techniques are compared and a Vernier technique is developed which obtains high Doppler resolution with low speed logic. Parameter trade-offs and sensitivities for the Vernier technique are analyzed, leading to a hardware design configuration. A detailed design, operation, and performance evaluation of the resulting breadboard model is presented which verifies the theoretical performance predictions. Performance tests have verified that the breadboard is capable of extracting Doppler, on an S-band signal, to an accuracy of less than 0.02 Hertz for a one second averaging period. This corresponds to a range rate error of no more than 3 millimeters per second

Sentinel monitoring of activity of out-of-hours services in Norway in 2007: an observational study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Norway, no valid activity statistics from the primary health care out-of-hours services or the pre-hospital emergency health care system have previously been available.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care has initiated an enterprise called "The Watchtowers" which consists of a representative sample of seven casualty clinics covering 18 Norwegian municipalities. The purpose of the project is to provide routine information over several years, which will enable monitoring, evaluation and comparison of the activities in the out-of-hours services. This paper presents data from 2007, the first full calendar year for the Watchtowers, analyzes some differences in user patterns for the seven casualty clinics involved, and estimates national figures for the use of casualty clinics and out-of-hours services in Norway.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 85 288 contacts were recorded during 2007 [399 per 1 000 inhabitants] of which 64 846 contacts were considered non-urgent [76.6%]. There were 53 467 consultations by a doctor [250 per 1 000], 8 073 telephone consultations by doctor [38 per 1 000], 2 783 home visits and call-outs by doctor [13 per 1000] and 20 502 contacts managed by nurses on their own [96 per 1000]. The most common mode of contact was by telephone. Women, young children and elderly had the highest rates of contact.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Norway has a high rate of contacts to the out-of-hours services compared with some other countries with available data. Valid national figures and future research of these services are important both for local services and policy makers.</p

The Apollo VHF Ranging System

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-20, 1977 / Hyatt House Hotel, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRedundancy of functions on manned space flights has been an important concept for crew safety. However, a redundant system generally implies doubled weight - a luxury that can not easily be afforded on a spacecraft. The Apollo Command Module- Lunar Module rendezvous mission was performed with the rendezvous radar system. RCA developed a VHF Ranging System, which permitted the voice/telemetry radios to be adapted as a backup for the radar's ranging function at relatively low additional weight. The proven accuracy and reliability of the VHF Ranging System resulted in its selection as the sole rendezvous sensor for subsequent earth orbital manned missions. The constraints imposed by existing radios are discussed, the ranging options and selected implementation are described, and the system accuracy is reviewed.International Foundation for TelemeteringProceedings from the International Telemetering Conference are made available by the International Foundation for Telemetering and the University of Arizona Libraries. Visit http://www.telemetry.org/index.php/contact-us if you have questions about items in this collection

ECM/ECCM Effects on Voice Transmissions

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-20, 1977 / Hyatt House Hotel, Los Angeles, CaliforniaAn evaluation methodology for conventional and ECCM voice communications is presented, wherein intelligibility of the received message rather than error rate or signal-to-noise ratio is the quantity measured. This allows the engineer to include the psychoacoustic phenomena of a human listener in his system design considerations. Analyses have been performed which allow transformation of speech articulation test results into data more meaningful to the communications engineer. Since message intelligibility is established after baseband reconstruction of the voice signal, this method is universally applicable to most voice transmissions. It is insensitive to the nature of the medium, modulation, and interference sources. Examples are presented showing applications of these guidelines to the design of frequency hopping radios. Tests run on a simulator confirm the analyses. A sample tape is available to demonstrate some of the effects.International Foundation for TelemeteringProceedings from the International Telemetering Conference are made available by the International Foundation for Telemetering and the University of Arizona Libraries. Visit http://www.telemetry.org/index.php/contact-us if you have questions about items in this collection

Pseudo-Random Code Sidelobe Canceller

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-20, 1977 / Hyatt House Hotel, Los Angeles, CaliforniaDuring acquisition of direct sequence pseudo-noise signals, time sidelobes are produced at the correlator output which will degrade detection performance. These sidelobes may be the result of additive noise, channel distortions, deliberate jamming or the non-ideal correlation function of truncated code sequences. In order to minimize these sidelobes, special codes can be selected based on their low sidelobe levels, or some special sidelobe reduction or cancellation algorithm may be devised. A sidelobe cancellation algorithm for use with LSI correlators has been simulated. Segments of a maximum length code word as well as a totally random bit stream were tested. The simulation results show that the largest sidelobes are reduced by a small amount; however, the majority of the sidelobes are reduced by as much as 6 dB. Consequently the false alarm rate for a particular threshold setting may be reduced. A compatible technique for the derivation of a CFAR reference from the same correlator was also successfully simulated.International Foundation for TelemeteringProceedings from the International Telemetering Conference are made available by the International Foundation for Telemetering and the University of Arizona Libraries. Visit http://www.telemetry.org/index.php/contact-us if you have questions about items in this collection