Dietary magnesium increases calcium absorption of ovine small intestine in vivo and in vitro

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not an increase in dietary Mg intake increases Ca absorption in the ovine gastrointestinal tract. In an in vivo experiment, an increase in the infused MgCl$_2$ level (0.0, 25.0 and 75.0 mg Mg$\cdot$kg BW$^{-1}$ $\cdot$day$^{-1}$ with 75.0 mg Ca$\cdot$kg BW$^{-1}$ $\cdot$day$^{-1}$ as CaCl$_2$) into the rumen for ten days significantly decreased fecal excretion but increased urinary excretion ($P < 0.05$) of Ca in five castrated male sheep. Apparent Ca absorption tended to increase ($P = 0.067$) whilst the retention and plasma concentration of Ca were not changed. In an in vitro experiment with isolated segments from the rumen, upper jejunum, cecum and upper colon under the presence of an electrochemical gradient, the mucosal to serosal Ca flux rate was significantly greater in the presence of 60.0 mM as compared with 1.2 mM MgCl$_2$ ($P < 0.05$). From these results, we conclude that the mucosal Mg has the ability to increase the Ca absorption in the gastrointestinal tract in sheep when the dietary Mg level is raised

Evaluation of Non-Feed Removal Induced Molting in Laying Hens

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a molt diet on molt induction and the post-molt performance of laying hens. White Leghorn hens (age, 62wk) were randomly divided into three groups (two experimental, one control). After a 4-wk preliminary period, one group (control) was continuously fed a corn-soybean-based layer ration ad libitum. Molting was induced in the other groups by starvation (MS) or with feed (MF). In the MS group, the feed was withdrawn for 2wk; this was followed by feeding of a layer ration on alternate days for 1wk and then ad libitum. The MF group was fed ad libitum a low-protein and low-energy diet based on corn, wheat bran, and corn gluten feed for 4wk; this was followed by ad libitum feeding of a layer ration. Egg production, egg quality, and feed intakes were measured throughout the experimental period; ovary and oviduct weights and heterophil: lymphocyte (H: L) ratios were measured during molting. During molting, the feed intake in the MF group was lower than that of the control; body weights of the molted groups were significantly reduced. Additionally, the MS group totally ceased egg production within 8 d; in the MF group, egg production decreased to 3.8% by d 10. On d 10 of molting, the H : L ratio of the MF group was lower than that of the MS group. On d 14, the ovaries and oviducts of the molted groups were distinctly lighter than those of the control. Throughout the post-molt period, egg production and egg shell thickness of the molted groups improved; but there were no significant differences. Additionally, the eggs of the MF group were heavier than those of the MS and control groups. This study suggests that feeding of a low-protein and low-energy diet effectively induces molting and increases post-molt production

ILC Reference Design Report Volume 1 - Executive Summary

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1. This report is the Executive Summary (Volume I) of the four volume Reference Design Report. It gives an overview of the physics at the ILC, the accelerator design and value estimate, the detector concepts, and the next steps towards project realization.The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2s^-1. This report is the Executive Summary (Volume I) of the four volume Reference Design Report. It gives an overview of the physics at the ILC, the accelerator design and value estimate, the detector concepts, and the next steps towards project realization

ILC Reference Design Report Volume 4 - Detectors

This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics.This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and access the full potential of ILC physics

ILC Reference Design Report Volume 3 - Accelerator

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC.The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a 200-500 GeV center-of-mass high-luminosity linear electron-positron collider, based on 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SCRF) accelerating cavities. The ILC has a total footprint of about 31 km and is designed for a peak luminosity of 2x10^34 cm^-2 s^-1. The complex includes a polarized electron source, an undulator-based positron source, two 6.7 km circumference damping rings, two-stage bunch compressors, two 11 km long main linacs and a 4.5 km long beam delivery system. This report is Volume III (Accelerator) of the four volume Reference Design Report, which describes the design and cost of the ILC