Environmental transfers against global warming: a credit-based program

This paper investigates the impacts of institutionalising a credit-based transfer program between developing and developed countries. Such a program is expected to become an essence of the Clean Development Mechanism in the Kyoto protocol. The provisions of financial and technological transfers are incorporated simultaneously into a dynamic game model of global stock pollution, where the efficiency in emission abatement is also described as a stock variable. Our numerical simulation indicates that a credit-based transfer program can be more beneficial for a recipient country as well as for a donor country, than a non-credit-based transfer program.global warming; international environmental transfers; clean development mechanism; differential game; open-loop Stackelberg equilibrium; credit-based transfer; Kyoto protocol; dynamic game modelling; global stock pollution; emission abatement; simulation; greenhouse gases.

Improvement of Accuracy in Flow Immunosensor System by Introduction of Poly-2-[3-(methacryloylamino)propylammonio]ethyl 3-aminopropyl Phosphate

In order to improve the accuracy of immunosensor systems, poly-2-[3-(methacryloylamino)propylammonio]ethyl 3-aminopropyl phosphate (poly-3MAm3AP), which includes both phosphorylcholine and amino groups, was synthesized and applied to the preparation of antibody-immobilized beads. Acting as an antibody-immobilizing material, poly-3MAm3AP is expected to significantly lower nonspecific adsorption due to the presence of the phosphorylcholine group and recognize large numbers of analytes due to the increase in antibody-immobilizing sites. The elimination of nonspecific adsorption was compared between the formation of a blocking layer on antibody-immobilized beads and the introduction of a material to combine antibody with beads. Determination with specific and nonspecific antibodies was then investigated for the estimation of signal-to-noise ratio. Signal intensities with superior signal-to-noise ratios were obtained when poly-3MAm3AP was introduced. This may be due to the increase in antibody-immobilizing sites and the extended space for antigen-antibody interaction resulting from the electrostatic repulsion of poly-3MAm3AP. Thus, the application of poly-3MAm3AP coatings to immunoassay beads was able to improve the accuracy of flow immunosensor systems