The Nomenclatural Status of Saperda Inordata Say (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Excerpt: Confusion as to the identity and proper name of our common Saperda on trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, in eastern North America should be clarified. The confusion has arisen from three reasons: (1) LeConte failed to distinguish S. concolor Lec. (1852) from S. irornata Say (1824); (2) Say\u27s type material was destroyed or lost which makes verification impossible; and (3) S. inornata varies from light to dark in overall appearance. The former two points are discussed here and the latter will be covered in a separate article. Authors since LeConte\u27s time have used a variety of binominal and trinominal designations for this species. In 1924 J. 0. Martin suggested that the name inornata, which had been placed in the Genus Mecas, really belonged in the Genus Saperda and that S. inornata should be reinstated replacing LeConte\u27s concolor which Martin, followed by Breuning (1952), considered a synonym of inornata. Despite Martin\u27s suggestion, S. concolor is in common use today. However, a search of the literature produced evidence which substantiates Martin\u27s claim that inornata must stand (Nord, 1968). A summary of this search is presented here in detail and a neotype has been proposed so that the nomenclature will be stabilized (Nord and Knight, 1970)

The Geographic Variation of Saperda Inornata Say (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Eastern North America

Excerpt: During the summers of 1962 and 1963 a study of the life history and behavior of what was thought to have been Saperda moesta LeConte in trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, was completed in northern Michigan (Nord, 1968). After the field study, it became apparent that the original identification was doubtful. Furthermore, there was a possibility that two species were present in the study areas, thus the biological data collected may have represented not one but two species

The Distribution of Saperda Inornata and Oberea Schaumii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within the Crowns of Large Trembling Aspens, Populus Tremuloides

The larvae of Saperda inornata Say and Oberea schaumii LeConte inhabit the stems of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) root suckers and the twigs of larger trees. Nord et al. (1972a, 1972b) reported the biologies of these species in Upper Michigan and northern Wisconsin. S. inornata has a one or two year life cycle, probably depending on how early the egg is laid. Most (77.5%) 0. schaumii develop in three years while 5.0% require only two years and 17.5% require four years to develop. Knight (1963) described the distribution of galleries made by S. inornata and 0. schaumii in the crowns of large trembling aspen, P. tremuloides, in Upper Michigan. Similar distribution data were gathered from 180 large trembling aspen felled in a survey designed to determine the relative abundance of S. inornata and 0. schaumii in stands of different site quality (Nord and Knight 1972b). The analysis of that distribution data and comparisons with that of Knight (1963) are presented here. Inter- and intra-specific competition in light of the results and other behavioral information are discussed

The Importance of Saperda Inornata and Oberea Schaumii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Galleries as Infection Courts of Hypoxylon Pruinatum in Trembling Aspen, Populus Tremuloides

(excerpt) Trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, and bigtooth aspen, P. grandidentata Michaux, are hosts of numerous species of injurious insects and microorganisms (Harrison 1959). Only a few of those organisms, however, are directly responsible for mortality of healthy trees. The fungus Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsche) Cke. is most important in that respect, killing 1-2%o f the standing volume annually in the Lake States (Anderson 1964). It invades and spreads in cambial tissue, killing it and eventually the branch or stem by girdling. Initially, a canker appears as a sunken, yellowish-orange area in the bark (Anderson 1956). In a later stage the outer bark raises in blister-like patches and sloughs off exposing blackened, crumbling cortex

The Relationship of the Abundance of \u3ci\u3eSaperda Inornata\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eOberea Schaumii\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Large Trembling Aspen, \u3ci\u3ePopulus Tremuloides\u3c/i\u3e, to Site Quality

Saperda inornata Say and Oberea schaumii LeConte are cerambycids that inhabit the stems of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, root suckers and the twigs of larger trees. The biologies of those species in northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan were reported by Nord et al. (1972a and 1972b). S. inornata oviposits on the cambium under horseshoe- or shield-shaped egg niches gnawed in the outer bark by the female. The term egg niche, connotes an oviposition place prepared by the female using the mandibles and ovipositor (Linsley 1959). There are usually 2 or 3 egg niches at one level on the stem or twig, and a globose gall consisting of callus tissue forms there. The larvae feed in the cambial and callus tissue around the gall and require 1 or 2 years to complete development. The 0. schaurnii female gnaws an elongate, rectangular egg niche in the outer bark and deposits an egg on the cambium beneath it. The larva bores downward from the egg niche in the wood. Most individuals require 3 years to complete the life cycle; but some take only 2 years, while others take 4 years. A survey designed to determine the importance of the egg niches and galleries of S. inornata and 0. schaumii as infection courts of Hypoxylon pruinatum (Klotzsche) Cke. in large trembling aspen was begun in 1962 in Iron and Ontonogan Counties, Michigan. The data from that survey indicated that abundance of borers might be correlated with the site quality of the stand. Therefore in 1963 the survey was redesigned to detect differences in abundance between stands of different site quality. Since the redesign concerned only the selection of stands, not the sampling procedures used within the stand, most of the trees sampled in 1962 were incorporated into the redesigned survey. The data collected in conjuction with the survey also make possible conclusions regarding the distribution of borer galleries within the crowns of large trees. Those results and a discussion of competition between S. inornata and 0. schaurnii are given in another paper (Nord and Knight, 1972a). The incidence of H. pruinatum in the galleries was reported by Nord and Knight (1972b)

Associated Insects Reared from Galls of Saperda Inornata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Trembling Aspen in Michigan

The poplar gall Saperda, Saperda inornata Say, is a common pest of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx, in Michigan forests. Through its egg-laying activities and larval feeding, this insect causes wood defects and tree mortality (Graham et al., 1963). While studying natural populations of this insect (Grimble and Knight, 1970), we collected many galls and found through rearing and dissection that they harbor a large and varied insect fauna

Migration in the Nonmetropolitan South

Data from multiple sources are analyzed to provide a picture of domestic migration patterns, characteristics of migrants, and effects of migration on poverty and human capital in the rural South during the 1990s. Migration trends in the 1990s were quite favorable for the rural South. Net migration was positive and substantial and represented a gain of people in their early career years including a disproportionate share of young families. The brain drain that characterized the 1980s has at least slowed, and possibly stopped. The comparative advantage of rural areas is increasingly found in their natural amenities and low population densities and corresponding attractiveness as places to live and recreate. At the same time, the positive effects of production factors that attract manufacturing enterprises are still very much in evidence in the nonmetro South. The most economically disadvantaged areas of the nonmetro South may not be benefiting as much as other areas from the rural migration rebound. Net inmigration to rural areas was widespread, but one-fourth of the counties in the nonmetro South continued to experience outmigration, although at a lower rate than in the 1980s

Cognitive Disability and Postsecondary Education: A National Study on Earnings

Postsecondary education provides an opportunity to increase the economic potential of individuals. Earnings for individuals with cognitive disabilities are a major concern, as occupational outcomes are often dire. The prevalence of individuals with cognitive disabilities in postsecondary education settings is increasing, but little is known about how postsecondary attendance may relate to post-graduation earnings for this population. This article presents findings from the 2017 U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey on the prevalence of individuals with cognitive disabilities who have attended various levels of postsecondary education and a series of linear regressions identifies the relationship between varying degrees and earnings while controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, public support systems, weeks worked each year, and hours worked each week. Results indicated that some college without a degree (14.815%), an associate’s degree (35.831%), a bachelor’s degree (68.267%), and advanced degrees (106.063%) all provide substantial earnings increases over individuals who received a high school degree or less. Findings include policy and practice implications to improve supports and services to increase access to postsecondary education for individuals with cognitive disabilities

Caregiver health: Having a child with ASD and the impact of child health insurance status

This study aims to understand the health outcomes of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the interactive effect of child health insurance status. The study utilized 2014-2018 pooled National Health Interview Survey data to construct weighted national estimates and construct main and interaction effect logistic regression models. Findings show parents of children with ASD experienced significantly poorer health compared to parents of children without autism. Insurance status was found to significantly interact with child ASD status. Compared to parents of children without ASD that used private insurance, parents with a child with ASD who used private insurance, public insurance, or were uninsured were found to have 1.5-, 3.2-, and 2.1-times higher odds of poorer health, respectively. Future research and implications on policy and practice are discussed