3 research outputs found
The Displacement of the Cu²⁺ of Cu²⁺-ovotransferrin-CO₃²⁺ by Fe²⁺
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/1988
- Field of study
Program year: 1987-1988Digitized from print original stored in HDRThis paper examines the reaction pathway in which Fe²⁺ displaces the Cu²⁺ of Cu²⁺-ovotransferrin-CO₃²⁻ to yield Fe³⁺-ovotransferrin-CO₃²⁻. Electron paramagnetic was used jointly with stopped flow and regular spectroscopy to yield resonance to study this reaction. The results suggest a phase reaction. The first phase requires two seconds and is thought to be due to the binding of Fe²⁺ to the protein. The second phase is the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. It requires 60 seconds. The final phase is the displacement of copper and can require about an hour. EPR spectra suggests the presence of a mixed metal complex intermediate in which Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ are bound simultaneously to the protein. A kinetic model is presented in the Discussion section which provides a reaction sequence that is in agreement with the data. Ligands in the vicinity of the active site that might provide for the binding and oxidation of Fe²⁺ are suggested. Similar experiments were performed with Fe²? and apo-ovotransferrin and resulted in very similar results to those seen with Cu²⁺-ovotransferrin-CO₃²⁻
Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- A. Lina Rosengren
- Abram Burgher
- Adam B. Brosz
- Adam Rosen
- Adam Schwartz
- Adriana Sordo Duran
- Adrienna Marquez
- Adrienne E. Shapiro
- Aeiress Duhart
- Afsoon Roberts
- Albert Liu
- Alejandro Hoberman
- Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández
- Alex Greninger
- Alexander Clark
- Alfredo Gilberto Guerreros Benavides
- Alice McGarry
- Alicia Arrazcaeta
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- Allie Oplinger
- Allison Green
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- Alpa Patel
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- Amanda Horn
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- Szheckera Fearon
- Tamara Richards
- Tambra Dora
- Tameika Scott
- Tami Wahlin
- Tammi L. Shlotzhauer
- Tana Bourgeois
- Tanya Hutchins
- Taryn Petty
- Tatiana Beresnev
- Tavane Harrison
- Taylor Nelson
- Teletha Gipson
- Teresa A. Batteiger
- Teresa Becker
- Teresa Deese
- Teresa S. Sligh
- Teri Thompson-Seim
- Terri Moye
- Terry D. Klein
- Terry L. Poling
- Terry Piedra
- Theresa Hegmann
- Thomas B. Campbell
- Thomas C. Klein
- Thomas C.S. Martin
- Thomas Mellman
- Thomas Patterson
- Thomas Weiss
- Tiffany Esinhart
- Tiffany Nemecek
- Tiffany Schwasinger-Schmidt
- Tilly Varughese
- Timothy J. Hatlen
- Timothy P. Vachris
- Timothy Shope
- Timothy W. Schacker
- Timothy Wilkin
- Tina Tong
- Tina Wang
- Toby Briskin
- Todd Simmons
- Tom Fiel
- Toni Robinson
- Toni White
- Tracy Okonya
- Tracy R. Klein
- Trina L. Reynolds
- Troy Holdeman
- Tyler D. Bold
- Uriel R. Felsen
- Valentine M. Ebuh
- Valeria D. Cantos
- Valerie K. Arnold
- Vanessa Abad
- Vanessa Raabe
- Veronica G. Fragoso
- Veronica Garcia-Fragoso
- Veronica Procasky
- Veronica Viar
- Vicki E. Miller
- Vickie Leathers
- Victoria Andriulis
- Victoria Engler
- Victoria Mosteller
- Victoria R. Anderson
- Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera
- Vincent Huynh
- Vincent Mirkil
- Vivek Rajasekhar
- Viviana Gonzalez
- Vladimir Berthaud
- Walter Patton
- Wanda Ramon
- Waseem Chughtai
- Wayne L. Harper
- Wayne Woo
- Wendell Lewis
- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendy A. Keitel
- Wesley Campbell
- Wesley Van Ever
- Westly Keating
- Whitney West
- Will Hernandez
- William B. Davis
- William B. Smith
- William H. Jones
- William Jennings
- William Kirby
- William P. Silver
- William R. Hartman
- William S. Davis Jr.
- William Schnitz
- William Seger
- Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León
- Winston Cavert
- Xiaomi Tong
- Yaa D. Oppong
- Yi H. Wu
- Ying Huang
- Yogesh K. Paliwal
- Youyi Fong
- Yunda Huang
- Yunda Huang
- Yvonne Davis
- Zachary Bittner
- Zainab Rizvi
- Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa
- Zudi-Mwak Takizala
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health
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Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context
- Author
- Abad Vanessa
- Abate Getahun
- Abbas Anum
- Ackerman Jamie
- Ackerman Ronald
- Ackermann Jeremy
- Adams Atoya
- Adams Mark S.
- Adams Michael R.
- Adelglass Jeffrey
- Afework Sarah
- Ahmad Nina
- Akamine Christine
- Ake Julie A.
- Al-Ibrahim Mohamed S.
- Albert Gary
- Alcaide Maria L.
- Alderson Nathan
- Aleman Lily
- Alemán José O.
- Allaw Mohammed
- Alva E. Javier Pretell
- Alvarado Hilario
- Amador Carmen
- Andersen James
- Anderson Corey G.
- Anderson Evan J.
- Anderson Victoria R.
- Andes David R.
- Andrasik Michele P.
- Andree Stephanie
- Andrews Jeb
- Andriesen Jessica G.
- Andriulis Victoria
- Ansel Jessica L.
- Anthony Codi M.
- Antwi Mohammed
- Arduino Roberto C.
- Aristy Florida
- Arnold Valerie K.
- Arrazcaeta Alicia
- Atmar Robert L.
- Avworo Ayoade
- Bacher Christina
- Baden Lindsey R.
- Badillo Diana
- Bainbridge Emma
- Baka Michele
- Baker Sherrie
- Balani Bindu
- Ball Brandy
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- Baron Mira
- Barranco-Santana Elizabeth
- Bartilucci Darlene
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- Shah Mitul
- Shairi Samira
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- Shannon Amie
- Shapiro Adrienne E.
- Sharp Stephan C.
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- Shelly Rozeli
- Shelton Sandra
- Sherman Amy
- Sheth Neil P.
- Shinn Steven
- Shlotzhauer Tammi L.
- Shope Timothy
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- Shoptaw Steven
- Siddiqui Farhan
- Siegel Marc
- Sierra Dianca
- Silver William P.
- Simmons Todd
- Simon Gary
- Sims Matthew D.
- Singer Leonard
- Singletary Justin
- Skipper Stephanie
- Slechta Stacy
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- Smith Candace
- Smith Derek M.
- Smith Katherine
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- Snell Kimberly
- Sobhanie M. Mahdee
- Sobieszczyk Magdalena E.
- Sogbetun Obiageli
- Solis Joel
- Sonnier Cora
- Sopher Carrie
- Sovic Brit
- Spector Stephen A.
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- Strout Cynthia Becher
- Struyf Frank
- Studdard Suzanna
- Stulken Laura
- Stull Mildred
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- Suen May-Yin
- Sugimoto Danny
- Suyehira Janice
- Swaminathan Shobha
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- Takizala Zudi-Mwak
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- Utz Gregory C.
- Vachris Timothy P.
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- Vega Norma
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- Vertucci Michele
- Viar Veronica
- Viens Nicholas A.
- Villegas Marysol
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- Vogler Mary
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- Vrbicky Keith W.
- Wahlin Tami
- Wakefield Paul H.
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- Walker Shannon
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- Walsh Mary C.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walsh Stephen R.
- Walter Emmanuel B.
- Walters Ayanna
- Wang Tina
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- Weidler Jessica L.
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- Wendell Lewis III
- Wendrow Andrea
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- Williams Samantha
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- Wilson Clint
- Wilson Greg
- Wilson Natasha
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- Winkle Peter J.
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- Witbeck John
- Wohl David
- Woo Wayne
- Woodside Leana
- Wortman Glenn
- Wu Yi H.
- Wylie Paul E.
- Yang Fan
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- Yoon Anelgine C.
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- Young Cheryl
- Yu Chenchen
- Yusin Joseph
- Zapata Luz
- Zash Rebecca
- Zegarra Eneyda Giuvanela Llerena
- Zemanek Arthur L.
- Zenlea Kate
- Zepeda Karla
- Zervos Marcus J.
- Zhai Nan
- Zhang Kevin
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- Zimmer Andrea
- Zingman Barry S.
- Zorrilla Carmen D.
- Áñez Germán
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/10/2023
- Field of study
Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health