Diversidade dos fungos anamorfos no solo do pólo cerâmico do município de Santa Gertrudes, São Paulo, Brasil e tolerância de Aspergillus terreus Thom e Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson e sais de chumbo e de zinco

O solo do pólo cerâmico de Santa Gertrudes tem sido poluído há décadas por diversos elementos, como Pb, Zn e outros. Foram realizadas quatro coletas de solo (duas durante a época chuvosa e duas na seca), em cinco locais, entre novembro de 2002 a junho de 2003; mediram-se temperaturas, pH, teores de Pb, Zn e umidade. Os fungos foram isolados através do método de Warcup, modificado, com a utilização de meios de extrato de malte agar (MEA) a 2%, adicionados com doses crescentes de nitrato de Zn e de Pb, sendo as colônias purificadas e identificadas. Foram obtidos 70 táxons de fungos anamorfos com 70% de similaridade entre as micotas obtidas com os dois metais. Foram isolados 43 taxons dos meios de cultura com Pb, havendo predominância de isolamentos nos teores mais elevados (500 a 1000 mg Pb/dm3). Foram obtidos 63 táxons nos meios com Zn, com teores de 200 a 500 mg /dm3. Predominaram espécies de Trichoderma, Penicillium e outras usualmente associadas a substratos em decomposição. Estabelecida a diversidade dos fungos, estudou-se a tolerância do Aspergillus terreus e do Paecilomyces lilacinus a nitratos de Pb e Zn. Foi usado o meio Czapek, com a adição de 250; 500; 750 e 1000 mg de Pb por dm3 e 1.000; 2.000; 3.000; 4.000; 6.000; 8.000 e 10.000 mg de Zn por dm3 .Com os dados obtidos, foi possível cálcular o teor do metal que inibe 50% e 100% do crescimento da biomassa EC 50 e/ou EC100 .Para o A. terreus foram encontrados: EC 50 Pb= 489,05 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Pb = 1.049,08 mg/dm3 ; EC50 Zn = 81,26 mg/dm3 ; EC100 Zn= 6.360,98 mg/dm3 . Para o P. lilacinus foram encontrados: EC 50 Pb = 1.147,89 mg/dm3; EC 100 Pb = 2.389,45 mg/dm3 ; EC 50 Zn= 8.323,75 mg/dm3; EC 100 Zn= 15.995,36 mg/dm3 . Em relação à sensibilidade a Pb e a Zn, o A. terreus apresentou sensibilidades maiores do que o P. lilacinus. Constatou-se também, que a sensibilidade do A . terreus a Zn foi maior do que ao Pb.The soil of the ceramic pole, has been polluted since decades by several elements, mainly lead and zinc. Four soil sample collections were conducted (2 during the rainy and 2 in the dry season) at 5 sites, between november 2002 and june 2003, measuring the temperature, pH and the content of Pb, Zn and moisture in the soil. The fungi were obtained by the modified Warcup's soil plate method, using malt extract agar (2%), added of increasing dosis of Zn and Pb salts.The colonies were purified and identified .Seventy anamorphs were obtained, with 70% of similarity between the mycotas isolated from the culture media added with the metals. Fourty three taxa were isolated from the culture media with Pb, with predominance of isolations in higher Pb concentrations (500 to 1000 mg Pb per dm3). 63 taxa were obtained in the media with Zn, mainly in the concentrations between 200 and 500 mg Zn per dm3. Species of Trichoderma, Penicillium and several fungi usually found in decomposing plant debris prevailed. After determining the diversity of fungi in the ceramic pole, Aspergillus terreus and Paecilomyces lilacinus were submitted to tests of tolerance to Pb and Zn. A modified medium Czapek was used amended with 250; 500; 750 and 1000 mg of Pb per dm3 and 1000; 2000; 3000; 4000; 6000; 8000 and 10000 for Paecilomyces lilacinus mg of Zn per dm3 . Afterwards it was possible to calculate the effective concentrations inhibiting growth by 50% and 100% values ( EC50 and EC100 ). Values obtained for A terreus: EC 50 Pb = 489,05 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Pb= 1.049,08 mg/dm3 ; EC 50 Zn= 81,26 mg/dm3; EC 100 Zn= 6.360,98 mg/dm3 .Values obtained for P. lilacinus; EC 50 Pb = 1.147,89 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Pb = 2.389,45 mg/dm3 ; EC 50 Zn = 8.323,79 mg/dm3 ; EC 100 Zn = 15.995,36 mg/dm3 . With regards to the sensitivity to lead and zinc, A. terreus showed greater sensitivity than P. lilacinus. A greater sensitivity of A. terreus for zinc than lead was recorded

Biossorção de cobre, manganês e cádmio por biomassas de Saprolegnia subterranea(Dissmann) R.L. Seym. e Pythium torulosumCoker & P. Patt. (Oomycetes)

Dried biomass of the zoosporic fungi Saprolegnia subterranea and Pythium torulosum was evaluated for copper, manganese and cadmium biosorption from aqueous solutions using the "q" (mg of adsorbed metal per g of biomass) and the "R%" (percent removal) indices. The highest q values were observed when the biomass was placed in contact with high metal concentrations, whereas the highest R% values were observed at low concentrations (p< 0.05). S. subterranea SPC 1244 biomass surpassed the others for copper biosorption (q = 7.48 mg/ g; R% = 49.03), P. torulosum SPC 1425 biomass was the best for manganese biosorption (q = 4.13 mg/g; R% = 26.71), and S. subterranea SPC 1431 biomass was the best for cadmium biosorption (q = 6.75 mg/g; R% = 42.26). This is the first report on copper, manganese and cadmium biosorption by the biomass of these zoosporic fungi, indicating the potential to remove ions from diluted solutions

Fungos anamorfos do solo da região dos lagos no Município de Santa Gertrudes, SP, Brasil

O solo do pólo cerâmico no município de Santa Gertrudes, SP, tem sido poluído há décadas por diversos elementos químicos, principalmente chumbo e zinco. Foram realizadas quatro coletas de amostras de solo, duas durante a época chuvosa e duas na seca, em cinco locais, de novembro de 2002 a junho de 2003, determinando-se temperatura, pH, teores de chumbo e zinco e a umidade do solo. Os fungos foram isolados pelo método de Warcup, modificado pelo preparo de suspensões aquosas de solo (1:10) e aplicação de 1 cm³ das suspensões sobre malte agar (2%), adicionado de Zn(NO3)2 e Pb(NO3)2 em concentrações crescentes: 0, 100, 200, 500 e 1.000 mg dm-3. Após cinco dias de incubação a 25 ºC, as colônias foram purificadas e identificadas. Foram obtidos 70 táxons de fungos anamorfos, com 70% de similaridade entre as micotas obtidas nos meios com os dois metais. Foram isolados 43 táxons nos meios de cultura com Pb(NO3)2, com predominância deles nas concentrações mais elevadas (500 a 1.000 mg dm-3). Foram obtidos 63 táxons nos meios com Zn(NO3)2, principalmente nas concentrações moderada e elevada (200 e 500 mg dm-3). Prevaleceram espécies de Trichoderma, de Penicillium e diversos fungos que são encontrados associados a substratos vegetais em decomposição. A tendência de se obter número elevado de táxons em meios de cultura com concentrações moderadas a elevadas de Zn e Pb pode ser justificada pela existência de bem adaptada e competitiva micota do solo, caracterizada por elevada capacidade de tolerância aos metais e eficiente habilidade sapróbia competitiva.The soil of the ceramic pole in the Santa Gertrudes town, São Paulo State, Brazil, has been polluted since decades with several chemical elements, mainly lead and zinc. Four soil samples were collected, two during rainy and two during dry seasons, at five sites during November 2002 to June 2003, and measures of temperature, pH, lead, zinc and moisture soil contents were made. Fungi were obtained by Warcup's soil-plate method, modified by application of 1 cm³ of aqueous soil suspensions (1:10) over malt agar (2%), added with Zn(NO3)2 or Pb(NO3)2 in increasing concentrations: 0, 100, 200, 500 or 1,000 mg dm-3. After five days of incubation at 25 ºC, the colonies were purified and identified. Seventy anamorphic fungi were obtained, with 70% of similarity between mycotas isolated from the media added with metals. Forty-three taxa were isolated from culture media with Pb(NO3)2, with predominance of isolations in higher concentrations (500 and 1,000 mg dm-3). Sixty-three taxa were obtained in the media with Zn(NO3)2, mainly in moderate and high concentrations (200 and 500 mg dm-3). Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp. and several fungi species usually found in decomposing plant debris prevailed. The tendency to obtain higher numbers of fungal taxa in culture media with moderate to high concentrations of Zn and Pb may be justified by the existence of well adapted and competitive soil mycota, characterized by a high tolerance to metals and an efficient saprobic competitive ability