Risk of Ovarian Cancer After Treatment for Infertility

Background: Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death from gynecologic malignancies in the world. Ovarian cancer is predominantly a disease of postmenopausal period, with a median age at diagnosis of 59 years. In recent years, there have been many debates about the relationship between fertility medication and cancer. Due to the lack of comprehensive study of this matter, and as understanding the relationship between the use of fertility drugs and cancer is of importance, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between infertility drugs and cancer in women. Objective: To determine the risk of ovarian cancer after treatment of infertility.  Study Selection: Multiple articles were reviewed. Prospective studies and case reports were excluded from the data. Retrospective studies were included in the study. Methods and Materials: A review of the scientific literature concerning the association between the use of fertility treatments and the risk of ovarian cancer was done. In this study, digital databases including PubMed, EMBASE and Google scholar were searched. The survey was carried out using keywords such as “infertility”, “ ovarian cancer risk”, “gynecological cancer”, “gynecological cancer risk”, “cancer risk”, “in vitro fertilization”, “progesterone”, “fertility drugs”, “infertility treatment”, variously associated together. Results: Using the search criteria, 25 researches were examined based on the title and abstract. All the 25 studies were considered in their full versions. Of these works, including literature reviews or meta-analysis reports, it was concluded that infertility treatment has a positive relationship with ovarian cancer. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that fertility drug usage significantly contribute to overall risk of ovarian cancer when adjusting for known confounding factors. In the next years, the incidence of female infertility is expected to increase. A lot of new drugs are under investigation while other recent drugs are already in current use. More study can be done so that the mortality and mobility could be reduced in the society. Keywords: infertility, fertility drugs, ovarian cancer, infertility treatment DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/82-09 Publication date: November 30th 202

Ultrasonography Determination of Renal Stones with Flank Pain Among Children at Radiology Department of Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan

Background : In children kidney stones are a standout amongst the majority widely recognized persistent kidney disease in kids. The most widely recognized indication of urolithiasis is stomach ache, in adult plainly particular as colicky ache, in babies and kids. Radiographic assessment of a patient through flank ache analyzes the reason for the ache. Ultrasonography (US) can recognize 90% of stones present in the kidney. Objective:  To evaluate the ultrasonography determination of renal stones with flank pain among children. Place And Duration: The duration of stud was from 01 March to 01 September 2019 at Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Method And Meterial : A cross sectional observational study was included 140 patient’s coming for abdominal and KUB ultrasonography to radiology department of Children Hospital, Lahore. The patients were chosen through convenient sampling technique. All the examined patients including men and women among kids of age ranging from 1 to 16 years. Results: Overall 140 patients are included in this research. Out of 140 patients men were 92(65.7%) and women were 48(34.3%) in this study population. In 140 patients, 47(33.6%) were identified with kidney stones and 93(66.4%) were recognized without kidney stones. Out of 140 individuals 76(54.3%) patients contained ache and in 48(34.3%) pain is radiating the remaining 16(11.4%) had no pain. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is extremely helpful in the evaluation of nephrolithiasis with flank ache amongst children

COMPARISON OF HIGH-RESOLUTION SONOGRAPHY AND COLOUR DOPPLER FLOW IMAGING IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE SCROTUM

Introduction: One of the most common urological emergency conditions is acute scrotum. Scrotal pain is commonly seen in early adults in the emergency departments with an association of different pathologies. The aim of this study was to determine the comparison of high-resolution sonography and colour Doppler flow imaging in patients presenting with acute scrotum. Material & Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Radiology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. This study enrolled a purposive sample of emergency department patients presenting with acute scrotal pain. The pattern of blood flow, peak systolic velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, mean and standard deviation were calculated for the continuous variables. Descriptive analyses were performed to investigate the distribution of data. Results: A total of 72 patients were enrolled in our study. The mean age of patients was recorded 36.33±11.66 years. The most common scrotal pathologies that associated with scrotal pain was hydrocele 31(38.8%), followed by varicocele 22(27.5%), testicular torsion 9(11.3%), cyst 8(10.0%), epididymo-orchitis 7(8.8%), pyocele 6(7.5%), orchitis 4(5.0%), increase scrotal wall thickness 3(3.8%), undescended testis 3(3.8%), inguinoscrotal hernia 1(1.3%), testicular atrophy 1(1.3%), rete testis 1(1.3%), hemangioma 1(1.3%), hematoma 1(1.3%), scrotal mass 1(1.3%), testicular microlithiasis 1(1.3%), and normal scrotal sonography 4(5.0%) of cases respectively. Conclusion: High-resolution ultrasonography along with colour and power Doppler should be used as 1st line imaging modality in patients presenting with acute scrotal pain