A brief history of otorhinolaryngolgy: otology, laryngology and rhinology

Ears, nose and throat have intrigued humanity since immemorial times. Treatments for the larynx, the nose and the ear and also surgeries were practiced by Greek, Hindu and Byzantine doctors. In the 20th century clinical and surgical innovations were incorporated, thanks to new anesthesia techniques, antibiotics, radiology and new technologies. AIM AND METHOD: show the evolution of this science throughout the times, recognizing important persons in otology, rhinology and laryngology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Understanding the evolutions in clinical and surgical anatomy, physiology, treatment modalities, and the personalities that lead to these advances is of great importance for the evolution of medical science. Otorhinolaryngology has a very rich history, with important collaborators and personalities in the history of medicine. The specialty was one of the first to use local anesthesia for procedures, pioneer in treatments with devices that recouped hearing and the use of microscopes in surgeries. Few medical specialties had suffered as many changes and scientific developments in these last decades as Otorhinolaryngology had, with the advantage of incorporating technologies such as endoscopy, radiology, microsurgery and information technology.O nariz, a garganta e o ouvido intrigam a humanidade desde os períodos mais remotos. Tratamentos laringológicos, rinológicos e otológicos, além de cirurgias, já eram praticados por médicos gregos, hindus e bizantinos. No século XX inovações clínicas e cirúrgicas foram incorporadas graças às novas técnicas anestésicas, aos antibióticos, à radiologia e às novas tecnologias. OBJETIVO E MÉTODO: Mostrar a evolução desta ciência ao longo dos tempos, reconhecendo figuras importantes da otologia, rinologia e laringologia por revisão em literatura. RESULTADO E CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento das evoluções em anatomia, fisiologia, tratamentos clínicos e cirúrgicos, além das personalidades que conduziram a estes avanços é de grande importância para que a ciência médica evolua cada vez mais. A Otorrinolaringologia tem história muito rica, com importantes colaboradores e figuras de renome para a história da medicina. A especialidade foi uma das primeiras a utilizar anestesia local para realização de procedimentos, pioneira em tratamentos com próteses que recuperavam a audição e teve a primazia na utilização de microscópios em cirurgias. Poucas especialidades médicas sofreram tantas mudanças e desenvolvimentos científicos nestas últimas décadas quanto a Otorrinolaringologia que teve a vantagem de incorporar tecnologias na endoscopia, radiologia, microcirurgia e uso da informática.Hospital Prof. Edmundo VasconcelosHCFMUSPUNIFESPHospital Prof. Edmundo Vasconcelos Centro de Otorrinolaringologia de São PauloUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM)Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos Centro de Otorrinolaringologia de São Paulo Setor de Otorrinolaringologia PediátricaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Modelos reais e simuladores virtuais em otorrinolaringologia: revisão da literatura Real models and virtual simulators in otolaryngology: review of literature

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVOS: Modelos reais e simuladores virtuais já são utilizados com resultados positivos em várias áreas da medicina. Estes novos equipamentos podem amplificar a experiência do ensino, aprendizado e treinamento também na Otorrinolaringologia, diminuindo custos relacionados com o próprio aprendizado, além de potencialmente poder reduzir eventuais erros médicos. Realizamos revisão na literatura atual dos principais modelos e simuladores, reais e virtuais, utilizados para ensino e treinamento em nossa especialidade, apresentando alguns destes e discutindo os resultados obtidos por estes instrumentos. Além disto, também discutimos as perspectivas futuras no ensino e treinamento de nossa especialidade. MÉTODOS: Revisão em literatura. CONCLUSÕES: A Otorrinolaringologia, como especialidade clínica e cirúrgica, deve estar na vanguarda desta revolução tecnológica. Modelos reais e simuladores virtuais em nossa especialidade, além de ambientes virtuais para ensino e aprendizado, têm grande potencial, e com custos de equipamentos cada vez mais acessíveis, devido ao desenvolvimento tecnológico de computadores, a popularização tende a ser inevitável.<br>INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Real models and virtual simulators have been used with positive results in several fields of medicine. These new devices can enhance teaching, learning and also training in Otolaryngology, reducing associated costs and potentially reducing medical errors. We reviewed the literature on the real and virtual models and simulators used for education and training in our medical specialty, discussing some of them and the results achieved with such instruments. Moreover, we also discuss the future perspectives in education and training in our medical specialty. METHODS: Literature review. CONCLUSIONS: Otolaryngology, a clinical and surgical field of medicine, should be at the forefront of this technological revolution. In our specialty, real models and virtual simulators and environments have a great teaching and learning potential. With equipment costs dropping, thanks to technological development, these tools tend to become increasingly more popular

Balloon sinuplasty: a new concept in the endoscopic nasal surgery

Introduction: Sinus diseases affect millions of people annually. Clinical treatment is effective in most patients, but in case of failure of this therapy the functional endoscopic surgery is currently the treatment choice for surgical treatment. The objective of the functional endoscopic surgery is to increase the aeration and drainage of the involved paranasal sinuses, which allows for the adequate functioning of the nasal mucosa mucociliary clearance. However, this method still has some limitations, mainly because it removes the nasal mucosa and bone tissue, and it may lead to physiologic alterations of the nasosinusal mucosa and cicatricial fibrosis. Many of these patients could be benefited from less invasive methods, with larger nasal mucosa preservation. Since 2006, an even less invasive procedure was remarked in our specialty: the balloon dilatation of the paranasal sinus ostia. Objective: The objective of this article is to define the concept of sinuplasty, its action mechanism, and present the necessary material for the procedures performance; to describe the techniques with the equipment in a nasosinusal endoscopic surgery simulator model and review the current literature about the indications, complications, results, and follow-up of patients submitted to this procedure. Balloon sinuplasty is safe and appears to be effective in the improvement of the quality of life of patients not responsive to conventional clinical therapy. New applications and indications for this equipment should be described and researched

Preoperative Planning Using 3D Reconstructions and Virtual Endoscopy for Location of the Frontal Sinus

Introduction: Computed tomography (TC) generated tridimensional (3D) reconstructions allow the observation of cavities and anatomic structures of our body with detail. In our specialty there have been attempts to carry out virtual endoscopies and laryngoscopies. However, such application has been practically abandoned due to its complexity and need for computers with high power of graphic processing. Objective: To demonstrate the production of 3D reconstructions from CTs of patients in personal computers, with a free specific program and compare them to the surgery actual endoscopic images. Method: Prospective study in which the CTs proper files of 10 patients were reconstructed with the program Intage Realia, version 2009, 0, 0, 702 (KGT Inc., Japan). The reconstructions were carried out before the surgeries and a virtual endoscopy was made to assess the recess and frontal sinus region. After this study, the surgery was digitally performed and stored. The actual endoscopic images of the recess and frontal sinus region were compared to the virtual images. Results: The 3D reconstruction and virtual endoscopy were made in 10 patients submitted to the surgery. The virtual images had a large resemblance with the actual surgical images. Conclusion: With relatively simple tools and personal computer, we demonstrated the possibility to generate 3D reconstructions and virtual endoscopies. The preoperative knowledge of the frontal sinus natural draining path location may generate benefits during the performance of surgeries. However, more studies must be developed for the evaluation of the real roles of such 3D reconstructions and virtual endoscopies

Efficiency of two FTAI protocols in crossbred dairy cows during different seasons

ABSTRACT. Silenciato L.N., Mello M.R.B., Andrade R.B., Daflon Júnior F.C., Rodrigues Neto J.B., Cavalcante M.C. & Palhano H.B. [Efficiency of two FTAI protocols in crossbred dairy cows during different seasons.] Eficiência de dois protocolos de IATF em vacas leiteiras mestiças em diferentes estações do ano. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária. 38(Supl.2):169-174, 2016. Departamento de Reprodução e Avaliação Animal, Instituto de Zootecnia. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] This study evaluated the conception and pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cows submitted to two FTAI protocols in different seasons. Ninety-five multiparous cows were randomly allocated into two treatments: Group I - GnRH + intravaginal P4 device at D0; prostaglandin and withdrawing the device at D8; GnRH + FTAI at D10. For Group II, the protocol employed was similar to GI but without P4 device. The groups were evaluated during rainy (October to April) and dry season (May to September). Conception (CR) and pregnancy rates (PR) in Groups I and II during the rainy season were, respectively, 40% and 68% (Group I) and 8% and 16% (group II) with a significant difference (p 0.05). When conception and pregnancy rates were compared between the rainy and dry season within each group, there was no statistical difference. It is concluded that the season did not affect the FTAI efficiency and that the inclusion of progesterone in the protocol improved conception and pregnancy rates during the rainy season

Effect of pigpel extender on the boar semen quality stored at different temperatures

Este estudo avaliou a qualidade do sêmen suíno preservado em diferentes temperaturas e meios de conservação no diluente PIGPEL5, utilizando gema de ovo como protetor externo de membrana, e no diluente PIGPEL5Plus, utilizando lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) como protetor. No experimento 1, as doses de sêmen foram conservadas em refrigerador de sêmen a 5 e 17 °C nos diluentes PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus e comparadas ao diluente BTS a 17 °C. Já no experimento 2, foi comparada a conservação do sêmen nos diluentes PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus em geladeira convencional ou em refrigerador de sêmen a 5 ºC. Observou-se que o uso de diluidores com crioprotetor extracelular (PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus) apresentou maiores (p 0,05) na motilidade, integridade de membrana e morfologia para a substituição da gema de ovo (PIGPEL5) pela LDL (PIGPEL5Plus). No experimento 2, também não houve diferença na motilidade, integridade de membrana e morfologia espermática entre os diluentes e formas de acondicionamento testados até 72 h (p > 0,05). O acondicionamento do sêmen no diluente PIGPEL5 em geladeira doméstica (5 ºC) proporcionou  padrões de qualidade espermática de acordo com o recomendado para a IA.This study aim to evaluate the quality of boar semen stored at different temperatures  and media on PIGPEL5 extender, using egg yolk as an external membrane protector, and on PIGPEL5Plus, containing low density lipoprotein (LDL) as protector. In the experiment 1, the semen doses were stored in a semen container at 5 and 17 °C and the results were compared with semen stored at 17 °C in BTS extender. In the experiment 2, the doses with the PIGPEL5 and PIGPEL5Plus extenders were stored in a commercial refrigerator and in semen container, both at 5 °C. The use of extenders with extracellular cryoprotectant (PIGPEL5 e PIGPEL5Plus) showed higher (p 0.05) in the motility, membrane integrity and morphology for the substitution of egg yolk (PIGPEL5) for LDL (PIGPEL5Plus). In experiment 2, also there was no difference (p > 0.05) in motility, membrane integrity and morphology between extenders and type of container until 72 h. The conservation of semen on PIGPEL5 extender and commercial refrigerator (5 ºC) allowed patterns of sperm quality according recommended for AI

Development and Validation of HPLC-DAD and UHPLC-DAD Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Guanylhydrazone Derivatives Employing a Factorial Design

Guanylhydrazones are molecules with great pharmacological potential in various therapeutic areas, including antitumoral activity. Factorial design is an excellent tool in the optimization of a chromatographic method, because it is possible quickly change factors such as temperature, mobile phase composition, mobile phase pH, column length, among others to establish the optimal conditions of analysis. The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a HPLC and UHPLC methods for the simultaneous determination of guanylhydrazones with anticancer activity employing experimental design. Precise, exact, linear and robust HPLC and UHPLC methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the guanylhydrazones LQM10, LQM14, and LQM17. The UHPLC method was more economic, with a four times less solvent consumption, and 20 times less injection volume, what allowed better column performance. Comparing the empirical approach employed in the HPLC method development to the DoE approach employed in the UHPLC method development, we can conclude that the factorial design made the method development faster, more practical and rational. This resulted in methods that can be employed in the analysis, evaluation and quality control of these new synthetic guanylhydrazones