Immune responses to an upper body tri-set resistance training session

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute immune responses to an upper body tri-set resistance training (RT) session in RT trained individuals. Eighteen young trained men (220 +/- 18years) were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG; n=9) or control group (CG; n=9). The EG completed an acute tri-set RT protocol using two combinations of three exercises for the same muscle group with six to eight repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for each exercise. Blood samples were collected before (Pre), and 15min (Post) and 24h (P24h) after the acute RT protocol to determine basal and acute total leucocytes and leucocyte subsets counting, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) and cortisol. There were significant increases in total leucocytes, monocytes and neutrophils at Post as compared with Pre (P<005). Additionally, total leucocytes and monocytes were reduced even at P24h when compared to Pre (P<005). There were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of TNF-, IL-6 and cortisol throughout the measured moments. As compared to CG, EG demonstrated very large effect sizes for total leucocytes, neutrophils and monocytes 15min postprotocol and a reduction (trivial and small effect sizes) P24h. These results suggest that the tri-set RT session did not exacerbate the acute inflammatory response and might be a good option for variations in RT methods for trained individuals.341647

Acute hormonal responses following different velocities of eccentric exercise

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)The aim of this study was to compare the acute hormonal responses following two different eccentric exercise velocities. Seventeen healthy, untrained, young women were randomly placed into two groups to perform five sets of six maximal isokinetic eccentric actions at slow (30 degrees s(-1)) and fast (210 degrees s(-1)) velocities with 60-s rest between sets. Growth hormone, cortisol, free and total testosterone were assessed by blood samples collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, 5, 15 and 30 min following eccentric exercise. Changes in hormonal responses over time were compared between groups, using a mixed model followed by a Tukey's post hoc test. The main findings of the present study were that the slow group showed higher growth hormone values immediately (5.08 +/- 2.85ng ml(-1), P=0.011), 5 (5.54 +/- 301 ng ml(-1), P=0.004) and 15 min (4.30 +/- 2.87 ng ml(-1), P=0.021) posteccentric exercise compared with the fast group (1.39 +/- 2.41 ng ml(-1), 1.34 +/- 1.97 ng ml(-1) and 1.24 +/- 1.87 ng ml(-1), respectively), and other hormonal responses were not different between groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, slow eccentric exercise velocity enhances more the growth hormone(GH) response than fast eccentric exercise velocity without cortisol and testosterone increases.336450454Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Comparison in responses to maximal eccentric exercise between elbow flexors. and knee extensors of older adults

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Objectives: To compare the susceptibility of elbow flexors (EF) and knee extensors (KE) to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in older individuals, since ageing could modulate the difference in the susceptibility to muscle damage between muscles. Design: Cross-sectional and cross-over study design. Methods: Eight older (61.6 +/- 1.8 years) adults performed 5 sets of 6 maximal isokinetic (90 degrees s(-1)) eccentric contractions of the EF (range of motion: 80-20 degrees) and RE (30-90 degrees) with the non-dominant limb in a randomised, counterbalanced order with 2 weeks between bouts. Maximal voluntary isometric (MVC-ISO) and concentric contraction torque, optimum angle, range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase (CM) activity were measured before, immediately after (except CM), and 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following exercise. Normalised changes in the variables following exercise were compared between EF and KE by a mixed model analysis of variance. Results: Only MVC-ISO and ROM demonstrated significant group effects (p 0.05) were found between EF and KE for any of the dependent variables changes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the KE of older adults are relatively as susceptible to muscle damage as their EF, or at the very least, the difference between EF and KE are small for older adults. (C) 2013 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1719195Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fund for the Support of Education, Research and Extension from the State University of Campinas (FAEPEX)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Inflammatory responses after different velocities of eccentric exercise

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to verify the indirect markers of muscle damage and inflammatory response following different velocities of eccentric exercise in women. METHODS: Nine women performed isokinetic eccentric actions at a slow velocity (Ecc30 group, 23.8 +/- 2.0 years; 57.8 +/- 7.0 Kg; 1.6 +/- 0.5 m) and another ten women performed at high velocity (Ecc210 group, 22.2 +/- 3.9 years; 56.4 +/- 6.0 Kg; 1.6 +/- 0.5 m). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured before, immediately after (except CK and cytokines), and 24, 48 and 72 h following exercise. Normalized changes in the variables following exercise were compared between velocities by a mixed model. RESULTS: The Ecc30 demonstrated greater CK activity than the Ecc210 (group vs. time interaction, P < 0.001). A group effect for circumference and ROM (P < 0.001) and a time effect for circumference (P = 0.003), ROM (P = 0.004), soreness (P < 0.001), TNF-alpha (P = 0.004), IL-6 (P = 0.001) and IL-10 (P = 0.041) were found. The Ecc30 showed large effect sizes for TNF-alpha and IL-6 compared to Ecc210, which presented small and moderate effect sizes, respectively. IL-10 showed a moderate effect size for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The velocity of the eccentric exercise does not modulate the systemic anti-inflammatory response, at least for a low number of muscle contractions performed by a small muscle group in women.2217784Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)extracurricular project of weight training and fitness (Faculty of Physical Education of State University of Campinas - UNICAMP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [2012/09709-0

Sixteen weeks of resistance training can decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome in healthy postmenopausal women

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Background: The postmenopausal phase has been considered an aggravating factor for developing metabolic syndrome. Notwithstanding, no studies have as yet investigated the effects of resistance training on metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify whether resistance training could reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a resistance training protocol (n = 10, 53.40 +/- 3.95 years, 64.58 +/- 9.22 kg) or a control group (n = 10, 53.0 +/- 5.7 years, 64.03 +/- 5.03 kg). In the resistance training protocol, ten exercises were performed, with 3 x 8-10 maximal repetitions three times per week, and the load was increased every week. Twoway analysis of variance was used to evaluate specific metabolic syndrome Z-score, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, waist circumference, blood pressure, strength, and body composition. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The main results demonstrated a significant decrease of metabolic syndrome Z-score when the postmenopausal women performed resistance training (P = 0.0162). Moreover, we observed decreases in fasting blood glucose for the resistance training group (P = 0.001), and also significant improvements in lean body mass (P = 0.042, 2.46%), reduction of body fat percentage (P = 0.001, -6.75%) and noticeable increases in muscle strength after resistance training to leg press (P = 0.004, 41.29%) and bench press (P = 0.0001, 27.23%). Conclusion: It was concluded that resistance training performed three times a week may reduce the metabolic syndrome Z-score with concomitant decreases in fasting blood glucose, improvements in body composition, and muscle strength in postmenopausal women.812211227Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [2012/09709-0

Comparison of maximal muscle strength of elbow flexors and knee extensors between younger and older men with the same level of daily activity

Background: Aging promotes neuromuscular loss, significantly reducing muscle strength. The magnitude of loss of strength seems to be different between the limbs, probably because of differences in activities of daily living (ADL). Therefore, the present study compared the muscle strength of the elbow flexors and knee extensors in younger (n = 7, mean age 23.3 +/- 1.2 years) and older (n = 5, mean age 61.8 +/- 2.6 years) men matched by ADL level. Methods: The study participants performed maximal concentric, isometric, and eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors and knee extensors using an isokinetic dynamometer following a crossover study design. Changes in the dependent variables were compared using mixed model analysis (limb versus age). Results: The main results demonstrated that concentric, eccentric, and mean contraction torques for knee extensors were significantly (P > 0.05) higher for younger men than for elderly men. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in concentric, isometric, eccentric, and mean torques for elbow flexors between younger and older individuals. Conclusion: These results show that elbow flexors maintain better strength than knee extensors through aging, even when comparing individuals with similar ADL levels.840140

Chronic Eccentric Exercise and the Older Adult

Eccentric exercise has gained increasing attention as a suitable and promising intervention to delay or mitigate the known physical and physiological declines associated with aging. Determining the relative efficacy of eccentric exercise when compared with the more conventionally prescribed traditional resistance exercise will support evidence-based prescribing for the aging population. Thus, original research studies incorporating chronic eccentric exercise interventions in the older adult population were included in this review. The effects of a range of eccentric exercise modalities on muscular strength, functional capacity, body composition, muscle architecture, markers of muscle damage, the immune system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and rating of perceived exertion were all reviewed as outcomes of particular interest in the older adult. Muscular strength was found to increase most consistently compared with results from traditional resistance exercise. Functional capacity and body composition showed significant improvements with eccentric endurance protocols, especially in older, frail or sedentary cohorts. Muscle damage was avoided with the gradual progression of novel eccentric exercise, while muscle damage from intense acute bouts was significantly attenuated with repeated sessions. Eccentric exercise causes little cardiovascular stress; thus, it may not generate the overload required to elicit cardiovascular adaptations. An anabolic state may be achievable following eccentric exercise, while improvements to insulin sensitivity have not been found. Finally, rating of perceived exertion during eccentric exercise was often significantly lower than during traditional resistance exercise. Overall, evidence supports the prescription of eccentric exercise for the majority of outcomes of interest in the diverse cohorts of the older adult population