Histochemical studies of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in the human intestinal tumors

The distribution and activities of five hydrolytic and eight oxidative enzymes were histochemically studied in 60 different tumors of the human intestines. Benign polyp showed similar activities of most enzymes as those in normal crypt cells of large intestine with exception of higher activity of succinic dehydrogenase in benign polyp than in crypt cells. Malignant polyp had higher activities of most oxidative enzymes. Reticulo-sarcoma had weak activities of all enzymes. Carcinoid had strong activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and isocitric dehydrogenase while very weak of succinic dehydrogenase. Carcinoma showed varying degrees of the activity of all enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase were almost negative in all cells but in the stromal elements their weak activities were sporadically observed. Most enzymes were decreased in the central area of the carcinoma cell nestle, while in the infiltrating area or in the margin of cell nestle they were not decreased and sometimes increased.</p

A histochemical study on hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in human sarcomas

Histochemical evaluations of human sarcomas such as reticulum cell sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, lymphosarcoma and neurofibrosarcoma, were carried out with five hydrolytic enzymes and eight oxidative enzymes. The activities of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were slightly positive in the neoplastic cells observed. Beta-esterase activity was also positive but varied according to the kind of sarcomas. Alkaline phosphatase activity was faint or negative in sarcoma cells, though positive in capillary walls. Leucine aminopeptidase activity was negative giving not any appreciable coloration of the cell as far as the method employed is concerned. Among the activities of dehydrogenases, the most intense activity was observed in lactic dehydrogenase. The activities of succinic and beta-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases were slight. The activities of alpha-glycerophosphate, glutamic and betahydroxybutyric dehydrogenases were faint or slight. The activities of NADPlinked dehydrogenases, glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase were all faint or slight in these sarcoma cells.</p

A histochemical study of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in an eosinophilic granuloma of parotid gland region

We experienced a case of eosinophilic granuloma in soft tissue, and demonstrated its patterns of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes histochemically. Neutrophils were rich in acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Eosinophils had much acid phosphatase and less other hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Lymphocytes showed weak reaction in all enzymes. Lymph follicles and histiocytes or fibrocytes had moderately oxidative enzymes. Small blood vessels and collagen fibers were rich in alkaline phosphatase and had a moderate amount of oxidative enzymes and acid phosphatase.</p

Histochemical studies on enzyme activities of gastric carcinoma. II. Dehydrogenases

With gastric carcinomas the activities of eight dehydrogenases; succmlC, lactic, malic, &#945; glycerophosphate, glutamic, &#946;-hydroxybutyric, glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase were statistically estimated. Principal findings may be briefly summarized as follows. These enzymatic activities differed considerably even in the same classification of carcinomas and generally ranged from strong to weak in the following order: lactic, malic, glucose-6-phosphate, isocitric, succinic, &#945;-glycerophosphate, glutamic and &#946;-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. The activities of adenocarcinomas were stronger than those in simple ones, and these were not related appreciably to cell differentiation in adenocarcinomas except succinic, glutamic, glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase. As for succinic dehydrogenase and NAD-linked dehydrogenases except for lactic dehydrogenase, the activities were strongest in intestinal metaplasia and early mucosal carcinomas, the next being in benign adenomatous polyps and weakest in the other carcinomas. As for NADP-linked dehydrogenases and lactic dehydronase, the activities were also strongest in intestinal metaplasia and early carcinomas, the second in the other carcinomas and the third in the benign polyps. Generally, these dehydrogenase activities were strongest in free carcinoma cells in blood and lymph vessels and in actively growing part of several carcinomas and weakest in the central area of tumors, especially almost negative in the central necrotic area.</p

Histochemical studies on enzyme activities of gastric carcinoma. I. Hydrolytic enzymes

The activities of five hydrolytic enzymes, alkaline and acid phosphataSe, beta-esterase, leucine aminopeptidase and beta-glucuronidase, of human gastric carcinomas from 180 patients were investigated histochemically. Alkaline phosphatase activity was almost negative in the carcinoma but was weakly positive in this tumor at times (about 10 to 20 per cent). Acid phosphatase activity which displayed a slightly increasing tendency of the reaction in poorly differentiated tumor was variegated and mainly from feeble to moderate in activity. Beta-esterase reaction was in varying degrees with each case, but more malignant the carcinomas, the weaker was the activity. Leucine aminopeptidase was positive in about 30 to 60 per cent of the specimens observed but the reaction was founded to be localized often in some areas and generally similar to alkaline phosphatase reaction. The activities of leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-esterase were positive at a higher rate in mucinous carcinomas than in non-mucin producing one. Beta-glucuronidase activity was slight or moderate in general but rather strong in the early stage of carcinomas.</p

Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer in Early Stage — The Clinical Ob­servation of Operated Cases

1. An attempt has been made to find the diagnostic criteria for early gastric cancer. It is most important to detect the evidences or suspected features of the malignant growth in incipient stage in order to attain the radical cure by surgical operation. 2. Twelve patients with early gastric cancer (groups A and B) were selected out of 476 patients who had undergone gastrectomy during the past three years in the Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital. The other 6 patients in the &#34;precancerous group&#34; (group C) were also studied, who had abnormal epithelial proliferation in the resected stomach membrane during the same period. 3. The processes of discovery of early cancer have been described. Fairly precise diagnosis can be made in the mucosal carcinoma, but it is not in the ulcer-carcinoma. It was generally difficult to estimate the degree of the malignancy and the extension of the growth preoperatively. 4. The details of the diagnostic aids are as follows. i. Negative occult blood of stool does not always mean the definite diagnostic aid. ii. The malignant gastric change may occur even in non-anacidity. Further investigations should be followed up on gastric ulcer patients if malignant alteration is under the consideration. iii. Minor roentgenological findings, such as the absence or irregularity of mucosal folds, rigid and/or overlapped contour, localized absence or decrease of the peristaltic waves and absence or bow-shaped deformity of the angulus, are of important significance. Such changes should be minutely sought for by X-ray film examination. iv. On gastroscopy and gastrocamera photography, such changes as erosion or irregular granular thickening of the membrane with abnormal reddening and edematous appearance, irregularity of ulcer edge, uneven swelling on ulcer margin with reddening and unsharpness of the edge of adherent coat on ulcer floor, must be noted in the early gastric cancer. v. It is not safe to leave a patient having stomach ulceration under a mere conservative management because it is often quite difficult to dissolve the question of malignancy of the lesion with all sorts of examinations. vi. So far as clinical examinations have indicated malignancy, histological examination must be carried out immediately at the time of operation, even when malignant lesion is absent in inspection and palpation on the exposure of the stomach. vii. On the gross observation of the resected stomach, a particular attention must be paid to erosion, depression or atrophy, irregular granular thickening and abnormal reddening on the restricted areas of the mucosal surface.</p

Histochemical Studies of Human Breast Tumors Part Ⅱ. On Dehydrogenases

Histochemical observation of human breast tumors were caried out on lactic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. The surgically removed breast tumors were examined; mastopathia:, fibroadenoma:, gynecomastia:, and cancer:. The tumors were cut at 20μ in -20℃ cryostat, then the sections were stained by the methods described by Pearce (60)) with Nitro-BT as the electron acceptor. The following results were obtained. Lactic dehydrogenase activity was the strongest of all dehydrogenases studied in this report. It increased in proliferation, and slightly decreased in cancer. The stromal reaction was moderate. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity did not decreased in cancer tissues so much as that of other dehydrogenases. These results showed that anaerobic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt played an important role in breast cancer metabolism. For investigation of tricarboxylic acid cycle, succinic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase were studied. These three enzymes showed similar distribution to each other. Their activity were increased in proliferation, but decreased in cancer. Their activities were especially decreased in poorly differentiated cancer cells except for scirrhous carcinoma. Glutamic dehydrogenase activity revealed a simillar pattern to that of TCA cycle enzymes. As enzymes of fatty acid metabolisum, α-glycerohosphate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase were examined. The activity was relatively weak in benign tumors and very weak in cancer

Histochemical Studies on Human Breast Tumors Part Ⅰ. On Hydrolytic Enzymes

A histochemical study on alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, β-esterase, aminopeptidase and β-glucuronidase has been caried out to clarify the relationship between the function and morphology of the human breast tumors; mastopathia: 63, fibroadenoma: 8, gynecomastia: 7 and cancer: 34. The surgically removed tumors were cut at 20μ in -20℃ cryostat, then the sections were incuvated in each histochemical reaction mixture. For the histochemical demonstration of hydrolytic enzymes, azo-coupling methods were employed, i.e., alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and β-esterase were demonstrated by the methods described by Pearce, (60)) β-glucuronidase by Seligman et al, (61)) and aminopeptidase by Nachlas et al. (62)) Alkaline phosphatase activity was the strongest in capillary vessels and myoepithelium and moderate in the normal lobulus and ducts. This enzyme activity increased in proliferating area, but in precancerous area and in cancer it decreased markedly. Acid phosphtase activity was usually low in normal glands and not prominently decreased in cancer than that of alkaline-phosphatase. β-Esterase activity was moderate in breast tumors but increased in periluminal region and necrotic tissue. Aminopeptidase activity was moderate in normal glands but strong in proliferating area. This enzyme activity was elevated in precancerosis, but decreased in cancer cells. β-Glucuronidase activity was increased in proliferating area and precancerous area, but slightly decreased in cancer. This enzyme activity was the highest in duct papillomatosis

Histochemical Studies of Human Breast Tumors Part Ⅱ. On Dehydrogenases

Histochemical observation of human breast tumors were caried out on lactic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. The surgically removed breast tumors were examined; mastopathia:, fibroadenoma:, gynecomastia:, and cancer:. The tumors were cut at 20μ in -20℃ cryostat, then the sections were stained by the methods described by Pearce (60)) with Nitro-BT as the electron acceptor. The following results were obtained. Lactic dehydrogenase activity was the strongest of all dehydrogenases studied in this report. It increased in proliferation, and slightly decreased in cancer. The stromal reaction was moderate. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity did not decreased in cancer tissues so much as that of other dehydrogenases. These results showed that anaerobic glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt played an important role in breast cancer metabolism. For investigation of tricarboxylic acid cycle, succinic dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase were studied. These three enzymes showed similar distribution to each other. Their activity were increased in proliferation, but decreased in cancer. Their activities were especially decreased in poorly differentiated cancer cells except for scirrhous carcinoma. Glutamic dehydrogenase activity revealed a simillar pattern to that of TCA cycle enzymes. As enzymes of fatty acid metabolisum, α-glycerohosphate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase were examined. The activity was relatively weak in benign tumors and very weak in cancer