Neonatal hypoglycemia in dogs—pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

Hypoglycemia is the most common metabolic alteration in the clinical routine of newborn dogs, acting as a predictor of mortality in these patients. The neonatal dog shows hepatic insufficiency and homeostatic mechanisms not yet fully developed, with limited glycogen reserves and limited capacity to perform glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. These physiological particularities make newborn dogs particularly susceptible to hypoglycemia when of fasting, even for short periods. Several maternal and neonatal factors may be related to a higher risk of developing hypoglycemia in neonates. This paper reviews glycemic homeostasis, the pathophysiology of neonatal hypoglycemia, the main causes involved and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this condition

Correlação de diferentes períodos de jejum com níveis séricos de cortisol, glicemia plasmática, estado clínico e equilíbrio ácido-base em cães submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória

Este estudo correlacionou os tempos de jejum sólido pré-anestésico com alterações nos níveis de glicemia plasmática, cortisol sérico, estado clínico e equilíbrio ácido-base em cães submetidos a anestesia geral inalatória. Utilizaram-se oito animais, adultos, sem raça definida, distribuídos de acordo com o período de jejum sólido: Grupo 1 (12 horas), Grupo 2 (18 horas) e Grupo 3 (24 horas). Foi acompanhado o esvaziamento do conteúdo gástrico e em seguida, todos animais foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento anestésico. Freqüência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, tempo de reperfusão capilar, grau de hidratação e pressão arterial não-invasiva foram mensurados previamente à administração de acepromazina, 10 minutos decorridos da mesma e a cada 10 minutos durante a manutenção anestésica, incluindo-se ETCO2; valores hemogasométricos (pH, PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3, CO2 total, SatO2, déficit de base), glicêmicos e de cortisol sérico foram avaliados previamente à MPA e a cada trinta minutos durante a manutenção anestésica. No período de recuperação anestésica, novas dosagens glicêmicas e de cortisol foram realizadas. Constataram-se poucas alterações cardiocirculatórias e respiratórias durante a anestesia, não havendo interferência dos diferentes tempos de jejum. Os animais com 12 horas de jejum pré-anestésico apresentaram glicemia mais elevada do que os demais grupos, no período de recuperação anestésica. As concentrações de cortisol não foram afetadas pelo jejum. O jejum pré-anestésico sólido, independente do tempo de duração, caracterizou um quadro de discreta alcalose respiratória. Todos os animais apresentaram-se em bom estado clínico nos três grupos. Recomenda-se jejum pré-anestésico sólido de 18 horas para garantir ausência completa de conteúdo alimentar sólido no estômago.This study correlated the solid preoperative fasting periods with plasma glycemia, serum cortisol, condition clinic and acid-base balance in dogs submitted to inhalation of general anaesthesia. Eight adults, animals were distributed into three groups in accordance with solid preoperative fasting: group 1 (12 hours), group 2 (18 hours) and group 3 (24 hours). Gastric emptying was observed and following this animals were submitted to the same anesthetic procedure. Heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, capillary refill time, percent hydration and noninvasive arterial pressure determined before and after Acepromazine and every 10 minutes during anaesthesia, included ETCO2; values blood gas (pH, PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3, TCO2, SaO2, BE), glycemic and serum cortisol were analyzed before MPA and each 30 minutes during anaesthesia. In recovery anaesthetic, glycemia and serum cortisol were repeated. During anaesthesia there were little cardiovascular and respiratory alteration not having interference of the preoperative fasting periods. Animals with 12 hours of the preoperative fasting showed a higher rise in glycemia levels than others groups in recovery anaesthetic. Serum cortisol wasn't influenced by fasting. Solid preoperative fasting independent of the duration describe a discreet respiratory alkalosis. All animals showed good clinical condition in all three groups. Solid preoperative fasting of the 18 hours is recommended to ensure a complete absence of the solid food contents in stomach

Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply

This study aimed to assess the effect of using forage cactus silage in the diet of sheep under intermittent water supply on its ingestive behavior and thermoregulation. We used in the experiment thirty-six intact male sheep of undefined genotype with an initial average weight of 19.8 ± 2.1 kg and age of approximately six months. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme composed of three levels of forage cactus silage in the diet (0, 21, and 42%), three water supply periods (0, 24, and 48 hours), and four replications. For the ingestive behavior, observations were carried out every 5 minutes for 2 periods of 24 hours. Thermoregulatory responses were taken at 7:00 and 15:00 h on days other than those intended for ingestive behavior tests. Intermittent water supply did not affect any of the studied variables (P > 0.05). The use of forage cactus silage significantly influenced the ingestive behavior of animals (P < 0.05). Sheep fed forage cactus silage in the diet presented an average feeding efficiency of 255.77 g DM h?1 and an average rumination efficiency of 102.16 g DM h?1, while animals fed control diet showed values of 198.63 and 78.45 g DM h?1, respectively. Urinary frequency increased according to the levels of forage cactus silage in the diet, with 23.60 urination per day in animals fed diets with 42% of forage cactus silage and 10.83 urination per day in animals fed control diet. However, the search for water reduced, with averages of 2.73 and 0.54 per day for animals fed 0 and 42% forage cactus silage, respectively. The use of forage cactus silage also increased thermoregulatory responses of sheep, with an average respiratory rate of 103.35 mov. min?1 and heart rate of 140.08 mov. min?1 in the warmest period of the day (in the afternoon). Thus, sheep fed forage cactus silage increases its feeding and rumination efficiencies, decreases its search for water, and increases its thermoregulatory responses. The intermittent water supply within 48 hours does not influence the ingestive behavior and thermoregulation of confined sheep

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio