Nonparametric Weight Initialization of Neural Networks via Integral Representation

A new initialization method for hidden parameters in a neural network is proposed. Derived from the integral representation of the neural network, a nonparametric probability distribution of hidden parameters is introduced. In this proposal, hidden parameters are initialized by samples drawn from this distribution, and output parameters are fitted by ordinary linear regression. Numerical experiments show that backpropagation with proposed initialization converges faster than uniformly random initialization. Also it is shown that the proposed method achieves enough accuracy by itself without backpropagation in some cases.Comment: For ICLR2014, revised into 9 pages; revised into 12 pages (with supplements

Choroidal Structure of CSC on OCT Image

Purpose To determine the structural changes of the choroid in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods A retrospective comparative study was performed at two academic institutions. Forty eyes with CSC, their fellow eyes, and 40 eyes of age-matched controls were studied. Subfoveal cross sectional EDI-OCT images were recorded, and the hypo reflective and hyperreflective areas of the inner and outer choroid in the EDI-OCT images were separately measured. The images were analyzed by a binarization method to determine the sizes of the hyporeflective and hyperreflective areas. Results In the inner choroid, the hyperreflective area was significantly larger in the CSC eyes (35,640±10,229 μm2) than the fellow eyes (22,908±8,522 μm2) and the control eyes (20,630±8,128 μm2; P<0.01 vs control for both, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). In the outer choroid, the hyporeflective area was significantly larger in the CSC eyes (446,549 ±121,214 μm2) than the control eyes (235,680±97,352 μm2, P<0.01). The average ratio of the hyporeflective area to the total choroidal area was smaller in the CSC eyes (67.0%) than the fellow eyes (76.5%) and the control eyes (76.7%) in the inner choroid (P<0.01, both). However, the ratio was larger in the CSC eyes (75.2%) and fellow eyes (71.7%) than in the control eyes (64.7%) in the outer choroid (P<0.01, both). Conclusions The larger hyperreflective area in the inner choroid is related to the inflammation and edema of the stroma of the choroid in the acute stage of CSC. The larger hyporeflective areas in the outer choroid is due to a dilatation of the vascular lumens of the larger blood vessels. These are the essential characteristics of eyes with CSC regardless of the onset

中国上海市小児における乳歯列形態の検討 : 正常咬合児72例の模型から

To obtain the dimensional data of the dental casts of growing and developing Chinese children, and to compare the data to the Japanese, we have performed dental examinations on children in the kindergarten attached to Shanghai Teachers\u27 University in Shanghai since 1996. As study materials, dental casts obtained between 1996 and 1999 from 72 Chinese children aged 3 to 6 years with normal primary occlusion were used to evaluate the mesio-distal crown diameters of the primary teeth, the sizes of the primary dental arch, and the standard values and frequency distributions of primary occlusion. 1. Males showed higher values in mesio-distal crown diameters in deciduous teeth, and the size of dental arch than females. 2. In regard to the interdental spaces both in the maxilla and mandible, primate and developmental spaces together were most frequently observed. 3. In regard to the occlusal relationship, the incidence of terminal planes was higher in the order of Vertical type > Mesial step type > Distal step type, and the incidence of primary canine occlusal relationship was higher in the order of type I>type III>type II. 4. The items that were thought to be characteristic of Chinese children were the frequency of only primate spaces, and the incidence of the Mesial step type of terminal plane and type III primary canine occlusal relationship