ラットC6 グリオーマ細胞におけるケタミンとセボフルランの抗炎症作用関連遺伝子のスクリーニング

In the present study, we have conducted cDNA microarray in C6, rat brain glioma cell line, to assess anti-infl ammatory eff ects of ketamine and sevofl urane in the central nervous system. The cultured C6 cells were treated with ketamine （0-100 μM） and sevofl urane （0 and 0.66 mM）. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and labeled with fl uorescent dye and then hybridized with microarray slide, containing 1936 genes. Quantitative analysis of each gene expression was confi rmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Microarray analyses showed that ketamine downregulated the expression of 4 proinfl ammatory cytokine genes and upregulated that of 2 antiinfl ammatory cytokine genes. On the other hand, sevofl urane downregulated the expression of 2 proinfl ammatory cytokines but upregulated that of two other proinfl ammatory cytokines. Furthermore, sevofl urane failed to stimulate the expressions of anti-infl ammatory cytokines. Although patterns of cytokine expression in response to ketamine and sevofl urane were diff erent from each other described above, both anesthetics downregulated a key cytokine, interleukin（ IL）-1β remarkably in microarray analysis, which was confi rmed by real time PCR. These results suggest that both ketamine and sevofl urane show mainly anti-infl ammatory properties through the inhibition of IL-1β

Endogenous neuropeptide S tone influences sleep\u2013wake rhythm in rats

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is an endogenous peptide that exerts wakefulness promoting, analgesic, and anx-iolytic effects when administered exogenously. However, it remains to be determined if endogenous NPStone is involved in the control of the diurnal sleep\u2013wake cycle, or spontanous behavior.In this study, we examined the effects of the NPS receptor antagonist [D-Cys(tBu)5]NPS (2 and 20 nmol, icv) on physiological sleep and spontaneous locomotor behavior. The higher dose of [D-Cys(tBu)5]NPS decreased the amount of time spent in wakefulness [control 782.5 \ub1 25.5 min, treatment 751.7 \ub1 28.1 min; p < 0.05] and increased the time spent in NREMS [control 572.6 \ub1 17.2 min, treatment 600.2 \ub1 26.1 min; p < 0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in time spent in REMS. Therewere no behavioral changes including abnormal gross motor behavior in response to [D-Cys(tBu)5]NPSadministration. Collectively these data suggest an involvement of the endogenous NPS/NPS receptorsystem in physiological sleep architecture

Endogenous neuropeptide S tone influences sleep–wake rhythm in rats

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is an endogenous peptide that exerts wakefulness promoting, analgesic, and anx-iolytic effects when administered exogenously. However, it remains to be determined if endogenous NPStone is involved in the control of the diurnal sleep–wake cycle, or spontanous behavior.In this study, we examined the effects of the NPS receptor antagonist [D-Cys(tBu)5]NPS (2 and 20 nmol, icv) on physiological sleep and spontaneous locomotor behavior. The higher dose of [D-Cys(tBu)5]NPS decreased the amount of time spent in wakefulness [control 782.5 ± 25.5 min, treatment 751.7 ± 28.1 min; p < 0.05] and increased the time spent in NREMS [control 572.6 ± 17.2 min, treatment 600.2 ± 26.1 min; p < 0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in time spent in REMS. Therewere no behavioral changes including abnormal gross motor behavior in response to [D-Cys(tBu)5]NPSadministration. Collectively these data suggest an involvement of the endogenous NPS/NPS receptorsystem in physiological sleep architecture