Utilizing the null stream of Einstein Telescope

Among third-generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors proposed for the next decade, Einstein Telescope provides a unique kind of null stream \unicode{x2014} the signal-free linear combination of data \unicode{x2014} that enables otherwise inaccessible tests of the noise models. We project and showcase challenges in modeling the noise in the 2030-s and how it will affect the performance of third-generation detectors. We find that the null stream of Einstein Telescope is capable of entirely eliminating transient detector glitches that are known to limit current gravitational-wave searches. The techniques we discuss are computationally efficient and do not require a-priori knowledge about glitch models. Furthermore, we show how the null stream can be used to provide an unbiased estimation of the noise power spectrum necessary for online and offline data analyses even with multiple loud signals in band. We overview other approaches to utilizing the null stream. Finally, we comment on the limitations and future challenges of null stream analyses for Einstein Telescope and arbitrary detector networks

Factors Influencing Final Outcomes in Patients with Shoulder Pain: A Retrospective Review

Study Design Retrospective cohort. Introduction Rehabilitation interventions are commonly prescribed for patients with shoulder pain, but it is unclear what factors may help clinicians\u27 prognosis for final outcomes. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine what factors are the best predictors of improved patient-reported outcomes at discharge in patients with shoulder pain. Methods Retrospective chart review of 128 patients presenting with shoulder pain to an outpatient physical therapy clinic. Chart review captured data regarding patient demographics, treatment interventions, patient history, and patient-reported outcome scores. The primary dependent variable was the overall change score of the QuickDASH (initial to discharge). Thirty-eight predictor variables were entered into a forward stepwise multivariate linear regression model to determine which variables and to what degree contributed to the dependent variable. Results The linear regression model identified 5 predictor variables that yielded an R = 0.74 and adjusted R2 = 0.538 (P \u3c .001). The 5 predictor variables identified in order of explained variance are QuickDASH change at the fifth visit, a total number of visits, initial QuickDASH score, scapular retraction exercise, and age. Discussion Early change scores, equal to minimal detectable change scores on patient-reported outcomes appear to be strong indicators that patients with shoulder pain are on a positive trajectory to benefit from rehabilitation. Conclusion Using patient-reported outcomes throughout care, not just at the start and end of care, will provide therapist feedback regarding patient\u27s progress and indicate treatment effectiveness. Levels of Evidence 4

Triceps Activation Amplitudes during Functional Activities

Objective: To investigate the muscular activation amplitudes of three regions of triceps musculature during functional activities. We hypothesized that the medial and lateral triceps would be greatest in the terminal 30° arc of extension activities. Design: Cross sectional. Setting: Musculoskeletal Clinical Laboratory. Participants: 20 healthy subjects recruited from a sample of convenience. Intervention: Fine wire electromyograhical (EMG) electrodes were placed into the medial, central, and lateral triceps to measure muscular activation amplitude and two dimensional electrogoniometric kinematic activity was recorded during functional activities associated with activities of daily living. Main Outcome Measure(s): Root mean squared amplitudes of triceps muscles normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions that are sub-divided into 30° arcs of motion. Results: The medial triceps generated significantly more EMG activity during the terminal 30° arc of supine extension (54±11%MVIC, p\u3c.05) and during the pushing activity (29±7% MVIC, p\u3c.01). The lateral triceps remained relatively constant throughout all arcs, while the central triceps consistently generated the lowest EMG activation level across all functional tasks. Conclusion: The hypothesis is partially supported as the medial triceps generated more activity in two of the three tasks during the terminal 30° of extension. The lateral portion is activated consistently throughout the extension motion and acts as a dynamic stabilizer during extension activities. These results indicate that the constant activity of the lateral insertion of the triceps, in conjunction with the terminal extension activity of the medial insertion, play a primary role in terminal elbow extension, especially in anti-gravity and load bearing activities. This new data has implications for surgical approaches to the elbow, management of elbow injuries, and rehabilitation of this joint

Reproducibility and Discriminant Validity of the Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test in Healthy and Painful Populations

OBJECTIVE: This investigation measured the reproducibility and discriminant validity of the Posterior Shoulder Endurance Test (PSET) on painful and non-painful populations. DESIGN: Reliability and validity study. SETTING: Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty subjects (male = 11; female = 19). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to failure (TTF) was the primary outcome measure to determine reliability of the PSET. Discriminant validity identified with receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves utilized TTF separately in men and women since they used different loads. RESULTS: There were 25/30 subjects (painful = 12; non-painful = 13) tested a second time. ICC, SEM, and MDC90 ranged respectively from 0.77, 13.1 s, 30.6 s in the painful group to 0.85, 7.3 s, 17 s in the non-painful group. The male ROC curve AUC was 0.833 with 47 s resulting in the best combination of sensitivity = 0.833, and specificity = 0.80. The female ROC curve AUC was 0.633 with 46 s resulting in the best combination of sensitivity = 0.600 and specificity = 0.889 at 46 s. CONCLUSION: The PSET is a reliable way to measure shoulder girdle muscular endurance. These data suggest that the PSET discriminates painful and non-painful individuals better in men compared to women

Empirically Derived Integrated Stellar Yields of Fe-Peak Elements

We present here the initial results of a new study of massive star yields of Fe-peak elements. We have compiled from the literature a database of carefully determined solar neighborhood stellar abundances of seven iron-peak elements, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni and then plotted [X/Fe] versus [Fe/H] to study the trends as functions of metallicity. Chemical evolution models were then employed to force a fit to the observed trends by adjusting the input massive star metallicity-sensitive yields of Kobayashi et al. Our results suggest that yields of Ti, V, and Co are generally larger as well as anticorrelated with metallicity, in contrast to the Kobayashi et al. predictions. We also find the yields of Cr and Mn to be generally smaller and directly correlated with metallicity compared to the theoretical results. Our results for Ni are consistent with theory, although our model suggests that all Ni yields should be scaled up slightly. The outcome of this exercise is the computation of a set of integrated yields, i.e., stellar yields weighted by a slightly flattened time-independent Salpeter initial mass function and integrated over stellar mass, for each of the above elements at several metallicity points spanned by the broad range of observations. These results are designed to be used as empirical constraints on future iron-peak yield predictions by stellar evolution modelers. Special attention is paid to the interesting behavior of [Cr/Co] with metallicity -- these two elements have opposite slopes -- as well as the indirect correlation of [Ti/Fe] with [Fe/H]. These particular trends, as well as those exhibited by the inferred integrated yields of all iron-peak elements with metallicity, are discussed in terms of both supernova nucleosynthesis and atomic physics.Comment: 27 pages, 6 figures; Accepted for Publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Fall risk in people with MS: A Physiological Profile Assessment study.

INTRODUCTION: The Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) is used in research and clinical practice for assessing fall risk. We compared PPA test performance between people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls, determined the fall-risk profile for people with MS and developed a reference database for people with MS. METHODS: For this study, 416 ambulant people with MS (51.5 ± 12.0 years) and 352 controls (52.8 ± 12.2 years) underwent the PPA (tests of contrast sensitivity, proprioception, quadriceps strength, reaction time and sway) with composite fall-risk scores computed from these measures. MS participants were followed prospectively for falls for 3 months. RESULTS: The MS participants performed significantly worse than controls in each PPA test. The average composite fall-risk score was also significantly elevated, indicating a "marked" fall risk when compared with controls. In total, 155 MS participants (37.3%) reported 2 + falls in the follow-up period. Frequent fallers performed significantly worse than non-frequent fallers in the contrast sensitivity, reaction time and sway tests and had higher PPA composite scores. CONCLUSIONS: In line with poor PPA test performances, falls incidence in people with MS was high. This study provides comprehensive reference data for the PPA measures for people with MS that could be used to inform future research and clinical practice

Adsorption and absorption energies of hydrogen with palladium

Thermal recombinative desorption rates of HD on Pd(111) and Pd(332) are reported from transient kinetic experiments performed between 523 and 1023 K. A detailed kinetic model accurately describes the competition between recombination of surface-adsorbed hydrogen and deuterium atoms and their diffusion into the bulk. By fitting the model to observed rates, we derive the dissociative adsorption energies (E0, adsH2 = 0.98 eV; E0, adsD2 = 1.00 eV; E0, adsHD = 0.99 eV) as well as the classical dissociative binding energy ϵads = 1.02 ± 0.03 eV, which provides a benchmark for electronic structure theory. In a similar way, we obtain the classical energy required to move an H or D atom from the surface to the bulk (ϵsb = 0.46 ± 0.01 eV) and the isotope specific energies, E0, sbH = 0.41 eV and E0, sbD = 0.43 eV. Detailed insights into the process of transient bulk diffusion are obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations