Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought

BACKGROUND: Cultivated chickpea ( Cicer arietinum) has a narrow genetic base making it difficult for breeders to produce new elite cultivars with durable resistance to major biotic and abiotic stresses. As an alternative to genome mapping, microarrays have recently been applied in crop species to identify and assess the function of putative genes thought to be involved in plant abiotic stress and defence responses. In the present study, a cDNA microarray approach was taken in order to determine if the transcription of genes, from a set of previously identified putative stressresponsive genes from chickpea and its close relative Lathyrus sativus, were altered in chickpea by the three abiotic stresses; drought, cold and high-salinity. For this, chickpea genotypes known to be tolerant and susceptible to each abiotic stress were challenged and gene expression in the leaf, root and/or flower tissues was studied. The transcripts that were differentially expressed among stressed and unstressed plants in response to the particular stress were analysed in the context of tolerant/susceptible genotypes. RESULTS: The transcriptional change of more than two fold was observed for 109, 210 and 386 genes after drought, cold and high-salinity treatments, respectively. Among these, two, 15 and 30 genes were consensually differentially expressed ( DE) between tolerant and susceptible genotypes studied for drought, cold and high-salinity, respectively. The genes that were DE in tolerant and susceptible genotypes under abiotic stresses code for various functional and regulatory proteins. Significant differences in stress responses were observed within and between tolerant and susceptible genotypes highlighting the multiple gene control and complexity of abiotic stress response mechanism in chickpea. CONCLUSION: The annotation of these genes suggests that they may have a role in abiotic stress response and are potential candidates for tolerance/susceptibility

Plant-pathogen interactions: toward development of next-generation disease-resistant plants

Briskly evolving phytopathogens are dire threats to our food supplies and threaten global food security. From the recent advances made toward high-throughput sequencing technologies, understanding of pathogenesis and effector biology, and plant innate immunity, translation of these means into new control tools is being introduced to develop durable disease resistance. Effectoromics as a powerful genetic tool for uncovering effector-target genes, both susceptibility genes and executor resistance genes in effector-assisted breeding, open up new avenues to improve resistance. TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases), engineered nucleases and CRISPR (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 systems are breakthrough and powerful techniques for genome editing, providing efficient mechanisms for targeted crop protection strategies in disease resistance programs. In this review, major advances in plant disease management to confer durable disease resistance and novel strategies for boosting plant innate immunity are highlighted

Classification of Camellia (Theaceae) Species Using Leaf Architecture Variations and Pattern Recognition Techniques

Leaf characters have been successfully utilized to classify Camellia (Theaceae) species; however, leaf characters combined with supervised pattern recognition techniques have not been previously explored. We present results of using leaf morphological and venation characters of 93 species from five sections of genus Camellia to assess the effectiveness of several supervised pattern recognition techniques for classifications and compare their accuracy. Clustering approach, Learning Vector Quantization neural network (LVQ-ANN), Dynamic Architecture for Artificial Neural Networks (DAN2), and C-support vector machines (SVM) are used to discriminate 93 species from five sections of genus Camellia (11 in sect. Furfuracea, 16 in sect. Paracamellia, 12 in sect. Tuberculata, 34 in sect. Camellia, and 20 in sect. Theopsis). DAN2 and SVM show excellent classification results for genus Camellia with DAN2's accuracy of 97.92% and 91.11% for training and testing data sets respectively. The RBF-SVM results of 97.92% and 97.78% for training and testing offer the best classification accuracy. A hierarchical dendrogram based on leaf architecture data has confirmed the morphological classification of the five sections as previously proposed. The overall results suggest that leaf architecture-based data analysis using supervised pattern recognition techniques, especially DAN2 and SVM discrimination methods, is excellent for identification of Camellia species

Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/303</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():303-303.</p><p>Published online 2 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2025592.</p><p></p>notypes, tissue types and time-points

Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/303</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():303-303.</p><p>Published online 2 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2025592.</p><p></p>(24 h and 48 h) at which the tissues were harvested. *Group II was processed in the same way as Group I. Susceptible genotypes were challenged and processed in the same way as shown for tolerant genotypes

Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/303</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():303-303.</p><p>Published online 2 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2025592.</p><p></p>(24 h and 48 h) at which the tissues were harvested. *Group II was processed in the same way as Group I. Susceptible genotypes were challenged and processed in the same way as shown for tolerant genotypes

Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Transcriptional profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated in response to high-salinity, cold and drought"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/303</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():303-303.</p><p>Published online 2 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2025592.</p><p></p>notypes, tissue types and time-points