Studies on faint podozolization observed in the Andosols around Kuwanuma on the eastern footslope of Funagata Volcano in Midwestern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan

Poster Sessio

Factors considered by medical students when formulating their specialty preferences in Japan: findings from a qualitative study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Little research addresses how medical students develop their choice of specialty training in Japan. The purpose of this research was to elucidate factors considered by Japanese medical students when formulating their specialty choice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted qualitative interviews with 25 Japanese medical students regarding factors influencing specialty preference and their views on roles of primary versus specialty care. We qualitatively analyzed the data to identify factors students consider when developing specialty preferences, to understand their views about primary and subspecialty care, and to construct models depicting the pathways to specialization.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Students mention factors such as illness in self or close others, respect for family member in the profession, preclinical experiences in the curriculum such as labs and dissection, and aspects of patient care such as the clinical atmosphere, charismatic role models, and doctor-patient communication as influential on their specialty preferences. Participating students could generally distinguish between subspecialty care and primary care, but not primary care and family medicine. Our analysis yields a "Two Career" model depicting how medical graduates can first train for hospital-based specialty practice, and then switch to mixed primary/specialty care outpatient practice years later without any requirement for systematic training in principles of primary care practice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Preclinical and clinical experiences as well as role models are reported by Japanese students as influential factors when formulating their specialty preferences. Student understanding of family medicine as a discipline is low in Japan. Students with ultimate aspirations to practice outpatient primary care medicine do not need to commit to systematic primary care training after graduation. The Two Career model of specialization leaves the door open for medical graduates to enter primary care practice at anytime regardless of post-graduate residency training choice.</p

The Effects of Model-Subject Alternation of Trials on the Performances under Vicarious Verbal-Reinforcement Combinations

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the relative effectiveness of vicarious-verbal- reinforcement combinations under alternate-trials, 8-trials-alternation, and nonalternate- trials procedures. 144 kindergarten children were run a two-dimensional discrimination task under one of the nine experimental conditions. A 3 (trials-alternation procedures) × 3(reinforcement combinations; RW, RN, and NW) factorial design was used. It was predieted that the inferiority of RN to RW and NW would be greater under the nonalternatetrials procedure than under the alternate-trials and the 8-trials-alternation procedures. The results obtained were that the correct responses were produced most frequently under RW and least frequently under RN regardless of trials-alternation procedures

Control Of Transmission Power And Carrier Sense Threshold To Enhance Throughput And Fairness For Dense WLANs

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) adopted in IEEE 802.11 WLAN suffers from serious problems of hidden terminal and exposed terminal. This will get worse if the environment becomes highly dense. The rise of channel interference among stations (STA) and the deterioration of the total network throughput as the result of these terminal problems need to be mitigated. A possible solution is to enable STAs to control transmission power and carrier sense threshold based on the information retrieved from the access point (AP). However, broadcasting message frames from AP to all STAs for identification purpose will cause much overhead. The proposed control scheme applies Bloom filter to distinguish associated STAs within the same basic service set (BSS) from the others while minimizing the overhead. The aim of this proposed scheme is to enhance the total throughput of the network and improve fairness of each STA in dense WLAN