Distinguishing ‘dual’ from ‘duplicated’ right coronary artery: Revisiting the nomenclature

We report a case of a 53-year-old man with a "short RCA" seen coursing within the proximal part of the right atrioventricular (AV) groove and terminating in the mid-portion of the right AV groove and a "long RCA" seen to have a proximal course outside the right AV groove, over the free wall of the right ventricle, where it gave rise to the right ventricular and acute marginal branches before returning to the right AV groove in its distal course. The discussion highlights the need for revisiting the nomenclature of "dual RCA and drawing a distinction between "dual" and "duplicated" RCA

Vertical vein aneurysm in supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Aneurysmal dilatation of the vertical vein in a case of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is an extremely rare condition. It has been reported to occur secondary to severe compression of the vertical vein when it traverses between the left bronchus and the left pulmonary artery. We present a 14-year-old male with supracardiac TAPVC with a vertical vein aneurysm, probably secondary to stenosis caused by a thin membranous web just proximal to the aneurysm

An unusual case of duplicated left brachiocephalic vein with right sided aortic arch and aberrant origin of LSCA in a patient undergoing implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation

Background: Anomalous left brachiocephalic vein (ALBCV) is a rare venous anomaly. Double Left brachiocephalic vein is the rarest type of ALBCV anomaly. Case report: Here we report a case of gentleman with post myocardial infarction ventricular tachycardia who underwent ICD implantation, where we could not place the lead initially through left side. CT angiography revealed presence of a duplicated circumaortic left BCV. It's cranial limb coursing normally anterior to arch and compressed at its confluence with RBCV and the caudal limb with a subaortic course draining into the RSVC. We report this first case of double LBCV along with right sided aortic arch and aberrant origin of LSCA arising from Kommerel's diverticulum. Conclusion: This case highlights that interventional cardiologists should be aware of these venous anomalies for proper planning and implantation of CIED successfully via transvenous approach

Stem cell therapy in critical limb ischemia: Current scenario and future trends

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents the most severe manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). It imposes a huge economic burden and is associated with high short-term mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Prompt recognition and early revascularization, surgical or endovascular, with the aim of improving the inline bloodflow to the ischemic limb, are currently the standard of care. However, this strategy may not always be feasible or effective; hence, evaluation of newer pharmacological or angiogenic therapies for alleviating the symptoms of this alarming condition is of utmost importance. Cell-based therapies have shown promise in smaller studies; however, large-scale studies, demonstrating definite survival benefits, are entailed to ascertain their role in the management of CLI