Experimental studies on extraction of valuable fuels from karanja and neem seed by pyrolysis

Today we see everywhere that oil has become inherent part of our daily life. Every activity is dependent on the requirement of fuels be it directly or indirectly. The demand of fuels is increasing day by day. Import dependence for oil in India which is about 70 per cent, is likely to increase further. As we all know that the petroleum resources are limited and are non-renewable in nature, we must start to think about the alternatives as we are likely to run out of the petroleum resources in few decades or so. Stress must be given to production of energy from renewable sources as they are biodegradable and non-toxic. Here an attempt has made to study the feasibility of production of valuable fuels from natural but non edible seeds such as karanja and neem seeds by the method of pyrolysis. Here the production of the fuel can serve purpose of alternative fuels as biomass pyrolysis oil has potential to be used as fuel oil or its substitute

Synthesis, Crystal Structural Characterization and Biological Properties of Thiosemicarbazones of Schiff Bases Derived from 4-Acyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one

Abstract: A novel synthesis, single crystal and biological activity of 4-acylthiosemicarbazone-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one by condensation of 4-acyl-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one with thiosemicarbazide was carried out. The compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR, Mass, DSC and 13 C NMR spectral data. The compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity against various gram +ve and -ve bacteria. The results were compared with the marketed drugs. The crystal structure was determined by single x-ray diffraction. 4-Acetyl thiosemicarbazone-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one(AcPTMP-ths) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a=6.082

Synthesis, Crystal Structural Characterization and Biological Properties of Thiosemicarbazones of Schiff Bases Derived from 4-Acyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one

A novel synthesis, single crystal and biological activity of 4-acylthiosemicarbazone-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one by condensation of 4-acyl-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one with thiosemicarbazide was carried out. The compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, Mass, DSC and 13C NMR spectral data. The compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity against various gram +ve and -ve bacteria. The results were compared with the marketed drugs. The crystal structure was determined by single x-ray diffraction. 4-Acetyl thiosemicarbazone-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one(AcPTMP-ths) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a=6.0828(7)Å, b=29.547(4)Å, c=7.9101(15)Å, α=90°, γ=95.602(15)°, γ=90°, V=1414.9(4) Å3, Z=4, Dc=1.429 mg/m3 and 4-Propionylthiosemicarbazone-3-methyl-1-(4`-methylphenyl)-2-pyrazolin-5-one (PropPTMP-ths) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a=13.5622(10)Å, b=13.3671(12)Å, c=22.151(2)Å, α=90°, β=93.13(7)°, γ=90°, V=4010.1(6) Å3, Z=8, Dc=1.310 mg/m3. The compounds were screened for antibacterial properties and exhibited potential activity

Hot deformation behavior of the high-entropy alloy CoCuFeMnNi

In the present study, hot deformation behavior of a FCC high-entropy alloy CoCuFeMnNi has been investigated to explore the stress-strain response for a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. The deformation response has been examined by plotting a processing map and examining the evolution of microstructure and texture in each of the temperature-strain rate domain. Hot compression tests were carried out in the temperature range 850-1050 degrees C at strain rates varying from 0.001 s(-1) to 10 s(-1). Stress-strain curves indicate characteristic softening behavior due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX). DRX has been observed along grain boundaries, shear bands, as well as in the interior of deformed grains. The size of dynamically recrystallized grains shows a strong dependence on deformation temperature and increases with temperature. A high degree of twin formation takes place in the DRX grains evolved inside the shear bands, and the extent of twinning decreases at high temperatures. The optimal processing window has been estimated based on strain rate sensitivity and has been validated with detailed analyses of microstructure and texture. The best region for thermo-mechanical processing has been identified as in the temperature range 850-950 degrees C at strain rate 10(-1) s-1

Effect of Temper Condition on Stress Relaxation Behavior of an Aluminum Copper Lithium Alloy

Deformation behavior of an Al-Cu-Li alloy in different temper conditions (solutionized and T8) is investigated using stress relaxation tests. Fundamental parameters such as the apparent and physical activation volume, strain rate sensitivity, effective stress, and exhaustion rate of mobile dislocation density are determined from single and multiple relaxation tests. It was found that dislocation-dislocation interaction controls the kinetics of plastic deformation in the solutionized sample, whereas dislocation-precipitate interaction is the overriding factor in the presence of T-1 precipitates. The apparent activation volume was found to be significantly lower in the presence of T-1 precipitates compared with solutionized samples. Strain rate sensitivity and effective stress were found to be higher in the presence of T-1 precipitates. In addition, multiple relaxation tests showed that irrespective of microstructural features (solutes, semi-coherent precipitates), the mobile dislocation density reduces during the relaxation period. Further evidence regarding reduction in mobile dislocation density is obtained from uniaxial tensile tests carried out after stress relaxation tests, where both solutionized and T8 samples show an increase in strength. Additional discussion on relaxation strain is included to provide a complete overview regarding the time-dependent deformation behavior of the Al-Cu-Li alloy in different temper conditions

Analysis of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy Processed Through Groove Rolling

The mechanism of grain refinement in a AZ31 Mg alloy subjected to hot groove rolling is investigated up to large strain (epsilon(t) similar to 2.5). The alloy shows enhanced yield strength without compromising ductility. The change in strain path during rolling has resulted in significant weakening of basal texture. The microstructure analyses show that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) contributed significantly to grain refinement and hence to the observed mechanical properties. The combined effects of DRX and texture evolution on mechanical properties have been addressed

Cryogenic Mechanical Properties of Warm Multi-Pass Caliber-Rolled Fine-Grained Titanium Alloys: Ti-6Al-4V (Normal and ELI Grades) and VT14

The effect of microstructural refinement and the beta phase fraction, V (beta), on the mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures (up to 20 K) of two commercially important aerospace titanium alloys: Ti-6Al-4V (normal as well as extra low interstitial grades) and VT14 was examined. Multi-pass caliber rolling in the temperature range of 973 K to 1223 K (700 A degrees C to 950 A degrees C) was employed to refine the microstructure, as V (beta) was found to increase nonlinearly with the rolling temperature. Detailed microstructural characterization of the alloys after caliber rolling was carried out using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Complete spheroidization of the primary alpha laths along with formation of bimodal microstructure occurred when the alloys are rolled at temperatures above 1123 K (850 A degrees C). For rolling temperatures less than 1123 K (850 A degrees C), complete fragmentation of the beta phase with limited spheroidization of alpha laths was observed. The microstructural refinement due to caliber rolling was found to significantly enhance the strength with no penalty on ductility both at room and cryogenic temperatures. This was attributed to a complex interplay between microstructural refinement and reduced transformed beta phase fraction. TEM suggests that the serrated stress-strain responses observed in the post-yield deformation regime of specimens tested at 20 K were due to the activation of tensile twins. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 201