KESALAHAN SISWA SMP DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL PISA KONTEN SPACE AND SHAPE BERDASARKAN TEORI NEWMAN

This research is based on the low level of students completing PISA questions. One of the factors that influence the low number of students in PISA questions is that they are not used to working on problems in real context. The purpose of this study is to describe students' mistakes in solving PISA questions on Space and Shape content based on Newman's Theory, namely: reading errors, misunderstanding, transformation errors, process skill errors and notation errors or writing answers. This study uses descriptive qualitative data collection in the form of images and sentences described. The subjects in this study were eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 9 in Cimahi City. Data collection techniques in this study are by giving a test in the form of PISA questions on Space and Shape content in 2012. Based on the results of the study, showed that students experience errors in process skills caused by the lack of PISA practice exercises which are international assessments, as well as students' weakness in skills mathematics in the form of real contexts

Inhibition of miR-665 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via up-regulation of SOCS7 in chondrogenic ATDC5 cells

Purpose: To examine the effect and mechanism of action of miR-665 in osteoarthritis.Methods: An in vitro inflammatory injury model of osteoarthritis was established using chondrogenic ATDC5 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A binding target for miR-665 was predicted using TargetScan and then evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay.Results: Treatment with LPS significantly up-regulated the inflammatory cytokine expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in ATDC5 cells (p < 0.01), and the expression of miRNA-665 was significantly increased in LPS-treated ATDC5 cells (p < 0.01).Knockdown of miR-665 down-regulated the expression levels of these inflammatory cytokines. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 7 (SOCS7) was identified as a target of miR-665. Data from qRT-PCR and western-blot analyses indicated that SOCS7 expression was promoted by miR-665  inhibition and inhibited by miR-665 over-expression. LPS treatment significantly decreased the expression of SOCS7 protein in ATDC5 cells (p < 0.01), and over-expression of SOCS7 attenuated the LPS-stimulated inflammatory injury. In addition, over-expression of miR-655 enhanced the inflammatory injury and reversed the protective effect of SOCS7 against LPS-stimulated inflammation.Conclusion: Inhibition of miR-665 alleviated LPS-stimulated inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells via the up-regulation of SOCS7, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis. Keywords: MiR-665, Lipopolysaccharide, Inflammation, SOCS7, Chondrogenic, ATDC

3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid in Periploca forrestii Schltr extract ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis by inducing IL17/IL23 cells in rats

Purpose: To study the therapeutic effect of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-O-CQA) from Periploca forrestii extract (PFE) on collagen-mediated arthritis (CIA) in rats, as well as the potential underlying mechanism of action. Methods: PFE and 3-O-CQA were successively and intragastrically administered to CIA rats. Paw swelling, arthritic scores and H & E staining were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of 3-O-CQA. Moreover, to determine the effects of PFE and 3-O-CQA on fibroblast-resembling synoviocytes obtained from arthritic subjects (RAFLS), the viability of RAFLS cultured in vitro was measured with MMT, while apoptotic lesions were analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of IL-6 in CIA and RAFLS were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblotting were used to assess their mRNA and polypeptide levels, respectively. Results: PFE in 3-O-CQA ameliorated swelling and reduced arthritic scores in CIA rat model, and also decreased cytokine levels (p < 0.05). By decreasing mRNA and protein expressions, 3-O-CQA repressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2 as well as the protein levels of IL-23 and RORγt (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that CIA and RAFLS are ameliorated in rats by 3-O-CQA in PFE through regulation of IL17/ IL23 and Th17 cells. Thus, 3-O-CQA affords a therapeutic strategy for the management of collagen-induced arthritis. Keywords: Arthriti; Periploca forrestii Schltr extract; 3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid; Interleukin (IL)-17; IL-23; Th17 cell

Morphology tailoring and temperature sensitivity control of waist cross-linked micelles and evaluation of their application as intelligent drug carriers

A novel type of waist cross-linked micelle (WCM) was developed as an intelligent drug carrier via the self-assembly guiding free radical polymerization of an amphiphilic oligomer: octadecyl, polyethylene glycol butenedioates (O-B-EGs). By changing the concentration of O-B-EG reaction solution, WCMs with monolayer, compound and vesicle-like morphologies were obtained. These WCMs showed controllable temperature responsive properties. DLS and UV-vis analyses indicate that the critical temperatures at which WCMs show an abrupt change in particle size evidently increases with the increase in the molecular weight of the PEG chains. Direct switching of the release of pyrene in WCMs is also realized by a slight change of temperature. Pyrene is released rapidly at the temperatures around the critical temperature of the WCMs, but a further increase in temperature shuts down the release of pyrene. More importantly, these WCMs exhibit reversible and rapid pyrene releasing-absorbing behavior. We suggest that these excellent properties endow WCMs with great potential in drug encapsulation and controlled releaseNational Natural Science Foundation of China [50873082, 30700020]; Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education [20070384047]; Scientific and Technical Project of Fujian Province of China [2009J1009

The Protective Effect of Magnesium Lithospermate B on Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion via Inhibiting the Jak2/Stat3 Signaling Pathway

Acute inflammation is an important component of the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI). Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) has strong neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MLB had underlying protective effects against hepatic I/R injury and to reveal the potential mechanisms related to the hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we first examined the protective effect of MLB on HIRI in mice that underwent 1 h ischemia followed by 6 h reperfusion. MLB pretreatment alleviated the abnormal liver function and hepatocyte damage induced by I/R injury. We found that serum inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, were significantly decreased by MLB during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, suggesting that MLB may alleviate hepatic I/R injury via inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways. Second, we investigated the protein level of p-Jak2/Jak2 and p-Stat3/Stat3 using Western blotting and found that MLB could significantly inhibit the activation of the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway, which was further verified by AG490 in a mouse model. Finally, the effect of MLB on the Jak2/Stat3 pathway was further assessed in an in vitro model of RAW 264.7 cells; 1 µg/ml LPS induced the secretion of inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, TNF-α, and activation of the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway. MLB significantly inhibited the abnormal secretion of inflammatory factors and the activation of the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, MLB was found for the first time to reduce inflammation induced by hepatic I/R via suppressing the Jak2/Stat3 pathway

Partial Oxygen Pressure Affects the Expression of Prognostic Biomarkers HIF-1 Alpha, Ki67, and CK20 in the Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer Tissue

Hypoxia is prognostically important in colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Partial oxygen pressure (pO2) is an important parameter of hypoxia. The correlation between pO2 levels and expression levels of prognostic biomarkers was measured in CRC tissues. Human CRC tissues were collected and pO2 levels were measured by OxyLite. Three methods for tissue fixation were compared, including formalin, Finefix, and Finefix-plus-microwave. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was conducted by using the avidin-biotin complex technique for detecting the antibodies to hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) alpha, cytokeratin 20 (CK20), and cell proliferation factor Ki67. The levels of pO2 were negatively associated with the size of CRC tissues. Finefix-plus-microwave fixation has the potential to replace formalin. Additionally, microwave treatment improved Finefix performance in tissue fixation and protein preservation. The percentage of positive cells and gray values of HIF-1 alpha, CK20, and Ki67 were associated with CRC development (P<0.05). The levels of pO2 were positively related with the gray values of Ki67 and negatively related with the values of HIF-1 alpha and CK20 (P<0.05). Thus, the levels of microenvironmental pO2 affect the expression of predictive biomarkers HIF-1 alpha, CK20, and Ki67 in the development of CRC tissues

Colloidosomes constructed by the seamless connection of nanoparticles: a mobile and recyclable strategy to intelligent capsules

Colloidosomes constructed by the self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) on liquid-liquid interfaces have been demonstrated to be useful in many fields. However, the interspaces between NPs on the surface of colloidosomes barricade their application in small molecule encapsulation. Herein, fabrication of a new type of colloidosome built by the seamless connection of NPs via simply heating and quenching a type of core-shell structured NPs (CSNPs) aqueous system using oil as a template, is presented. These colloidosomes have a hollow structure and exhibit efficient small molecule encapsulation. More importantly, the colloidosomes can dissociate into single NPs and release the small target molecules encapsulated in interior of the colloidosomes at a temperature higher than the melting point of the CSNP shell. It is also shown that the dissociation temperature of colloidosomes can be controlled by simply adjusting the length of the PEG chains in the CSNP shell, which implies that these intelligent capsules have attractive application prospects in controlled drug release.National Natural Science Foundation of China[50873082, 30700020]; Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education[20070384047]; Scientific and Technical Project of Fujian Province of China[2009J1009, 2010H6021, 2010J01306

Heterogeneous silver-polyaniline nanocomposites with tunable morphology and controllable catalytic properties

National Natural Science Foundation of China [51173153, U1205113]; Special Program for Key Research of Chinese National Basic Research Program [2011CB612303]; Xiamen Science and Technology Committee [3502Z20121021, 3502Z20120015]This paper introduces not only a simple hydrothermal route to silver-polyaniline (Ag-PANI) nanocomposites with controllable morphology, but also a type of catalyst possessing tunable and switchable catalytic capability. Ag-PANI Janus nanoparticles (NPs) and Ag@PANI core-shell NPs have been constructed successfully at different hydrothermal temperatures. The diameter of both Ag and PANI hemispheres of Janus NPs, as well as the PANI shell thickness of core-shell NPs, was finely tuned via adjustment of the feed ratio. We also gained a deeper insight into the functionalities of PANI components in the catalytic capability of the heterogeneous catalysts, choosing catalytic reductions of nitrobenzene (NB) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as model reactions. Our results showed that the catalytic capability of the nanocomposites was dependent on the PANI morphology and hydrophobicity. The PANI shell coating on Ag NPs can concentrate the lipophilic NB, thus leading to an enhanced catalytic capability of Ag@PANI core-shell NPs. However, this enhanced catalytic capability was not observed for Ag-PANI Janus NPs when catalytically reducing NB. More importantly, the catalytic capability of the core-shell NPs in the reduction of hydrophilic 4-NP is switchable by varying the PANI shell from an undoped to a doped state

Modeling Conic Section Using Hawgent Dynamic Mathematics Software

Teachers should pay attention to the deep integration of information technology and mathematics courses, so as to achieve the effect that traditional teaching methods are difficult to achieve. Conic section in high school is an important carrier for cultivating students' mathematical literacy, but it is highly abstract and comprehensive, making it a "difficult point" in high school mathematics teaching. Hawgent dynamic mathematics software has powerful dynamic and visual functions, which can effectively assist the teaching of ellipse in high school. The questions to be studied in this paper are: (1) describe how teachers use Hawgent dynamic mathematics software to design learning media when teaching the content of conic section and stimulate students' for knowledge; (2) describe how Hawgent dynamic math software be used in class to help students understand the definition of conic section effectively. This research was used the research method combining ADDIE model and teaching experiment to analyze the class using Hawgent dynamic mathematics software to design learning materials and the class using traditional teaching method. Research sample was 130 high school students. Mathematical software design learning materials, can give students an intuitive presentation of the formation process of the conic, so as to help students effectively understand mathematical concepts and stimulate students' curiosity for knowledge