Modificirana shema cijepljenja stada mliječnih goveda polivalentnim cjepivom protiv virusnog proljeva goveda - terensko istraživanje

In order to reduce the cost of vaccination, three herds were vaccinated with polyvalent bovine viral diarrhea virus inactivated vaccine according to a modified schedule, and the specific antibody response was evaluated. In each herd only the cows and heifers were vaccinated with one dose of vaccine. Two herds (A and B) were vaccinated annually for three consecutive years. The third herd (C) was vaccinated twice with a two year interval. At the beginning of the study the herds consisted of 38, 22 and 15 animals respectively. Antibody response was evaluated three and nine months after vaccination with indirect ELISA, blocking ELISA and a virus neutralization test. Within herds A and B the percentage of seropositive animals increased with each subsequent vaccination. Three months after the third vaccination more than 96% of animals in herds A and B were seropositive. Nine months after the third vaccination more than 56% of animals in herds A and B were seropositive. Three and nine months after the second vaccination the numbers of positive animals in herd C was 66% and 38% respectively. The obtained results show that the percentage of seropositive animals within the herds increased with each vaccination and the best detection of specific antibodies after vaccination can be achieved if a virus neutralization test is used. Also, the results show that seroprotection of cows within the herds vaccinated yearly was significantly higher (56.52-58.82%) compared to the herd vaccinated with a two year interval (38.88%).Da bi se procijenila mogućnost smanjenja troškova cijepljenja, tri su stada goveda cijepljena protiv virusnog proljeva goveda polivalentnim cjepivom prema modificiranoj shemi. U dva stada (38 i 22 goveda) sve krave i junice cijepljene su jednom godišnje tri godine uzastopce. U trećem stadu (15 goveda) cijepljene su sve krave i junice prve i treće godine. Uspješnost cijepljenja provjeravala se imunoenzimnim testom i virus-neutralizacijskim testom određujući specifična protutijela u uzorcima krvnih seruma. Tri mjeseca nakon trećeg cijepljenja unutar prva dva stada postotak serološki pozitivnih goveda bio je veći od 96%. Devet mjeseci nakon trećeg cijepljenja unutar prva dva stada postotak serološki pozitivnih goveda bio je veći od 56%. U trećem stadu postotak serološki pozitivnih goveda tri i devet mjeseci nakon trećeg cijepljenja bio je 66% i 38%. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se postotak serološki pozitivnih grla unutar svakog stada svakim sljedećim cijepljenjem povećao te da se procjena uspješnosti cijepljenja najbolje može odrediti virus-neutralizacijskim testom

Mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary medicine

Ubrzani razvoj regenerativne veterinarske medicine, usmjerene na iskorištavanje sposobnosti adultnih matičnih stanica i organizma za obnavljanjem oštećenih stanica, tkiva i organa, zahtijeva pouzdan izvor matičnih stanica. Masno tkivo predstavlja obilat, pristupačan i bogat izvor adultnih matičnih stanica koje pružaju brojne mogućnosti za aplikaciju u regenerativnoj veterinarskoj medicini. Mezenhimske matične stanice izdvojene iz masnog tkiva (adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells -AD-MSCs) adheriraju na plastiku, sposobne su se diferencirati u različite stanične linije (adipocite, osteoblaste, hondrocite, miocite, neuralne stanice), a detaljno se karakteriziraju ekspresijom specifičnih površinskih staničnih biljega. Zahvaljujući svojim osobinama i masnom tkivu kao zahvalnom izvoru, zanimanje za AD-MSCs raste u istraživačkim i kliničkim krugovima.Regenerative veterinary medicine exploits the ability of adult stem cells and the organism to regenerate damaged cells, tissues and organs, requires a reliable source of stem cells. Adipose tissue is a rich, accessible and abundant source of adult stem cells, providing many opportunities for applications in regenerative veterinary medicine. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) adhere to plastic, differentiate into different cell lines (adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, neuronal cells), and are characterized by the expression of specific cell surface markers. AD-MSCs continue to raise interest within the scientific and clinical community

Mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary medicine

Ubrzani razvoj regenerativne veterinarske medicine, usmjerene na iskorištavanje sposobnosti adultnih matičnih stanica i organizma za obnavljanjem oštećenih stanica, tkiva i organa, zahtijeva pouzdan izvor matičnih stanica. Masno tkivo predstavlja obilat, pristupačan i bogat izvor adultnih matičnih stanica koje pružaju brojne mogućnosti za aplikaciju u regenerativnoj veterinarskoj medicini. Mezenhimske matične stanice izdvojene iz masnog tkiva (adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells -AD-MSCs) adheriraju na plastiku, sposobne su se diferencirati u različite stanične linije (adipocite, osteoblaste, hondrocite, miocite, neuralne stanice), a detaljno se karakteriziraju ekspresijom specifičnih površinskih staničnih biljega. Zahvaljujući svojim osobinama i masnom tkivu kao zahvalnom izvoru, zanimanje za AD-MSCs raste u istraživačkim i kliničkim krugovima.Regenerative veterinary medicine exploits the ability of adult stem cells and the organism to regenerate damaged cells, tissues and organs, requires a reliable source of stem cells. Adipose tissue is a rich, accessible and abundant source of adult stem cells, providing many opportunities for applications in regenerative veterinary medicine. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) adhere to plastic, differentiate into different cell lines (adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, neuronal cells), and are characterized by the expression of specific cell surface markers. AD-MSCs continue to raise interest within the scientific and clinical community

Viral gastroenteritis in pigs: current knowledge and challenges

Virusni gastroenteritisi u svinja predstavljaju kontinuirani izazov za uzgajivače svinja, kako sa stajališta zdravstvenog upravljanja stadom, tako i sa stajališta primjene odgovarajućih biosigurnosnih mjera. U etiologiji se ističu koronavirusi i rotavirusi, a odlikuje ih izlučivanje u visokim koncentracijama, niska infektivna doza, iznimna stabilnost u okolišu i visoka kontagioznost. Uzročnici epizootija s izraženim mortalitetima u sisajuće prasadi (do 100 %) su upravo koronavirusi, poglavito virus epidemijskog proljeva svinja (PEDV) koji je prouzročio znatne gubitke u svinjogojstvu u svijetu, ali i kod nas. Osim PEDV-a, predstavnici koronavirusa koji su značajni patogeni u svinja su i virus transmisivnog gastroenteritisa svinja (TGEV), svinjski deltakoronavirus (PDCoV) te nedavno opisani koronavirus sindroma akutnog proljeva u svinja (SADS-CoV). Iako ubikvitarni, i rotavirusi, a naročito vrsta Rotavirus A (RVA) od ukupno pet vrsta dokazanih u svinja, predstavljaju značajne uzročnike gastroenteritisa u mlađih dobnih kategorija, a poznat je i njihov zoonotski potencijal. Iako koronavirusi koji inficiraju svinje nisu dokazani u čovjeka, smatra se da svinjski deltakoronavirusi možda posjeduju taj potencijal. Primjer SADS-CoV i njegovog prijenosa sa šišmiša na svinje ističe važnost pretraživanja divljih životinja koje su dokazano izvorište bolesti važnih za veterinarsko i humano javno zdravstvo. Patogeneza, klinička slika, obdukcijski i patohistološki nalaz su slični kod svih virusnih gastroenteritisa u svinja te u slučaju pojave vodenastog proljeva žućkasto-bijele boje i povraćanja visokog morbiditeta i mortaliteta naročito u sisajuće prasadi, moramo posumnjati na virusne uzročnike. Upravo je stoga pravovremena dijagnostika ključna kako bi se čim ranije mogle primijeniti odgovarajuće mjere i spriječiti širenje bolesti, a time i smanjiti štete. Liječenje je simptomatsko, a cjepiva nisu dostupna na našem tržištu te se kontrola ovih virusnih infekcija svodi na dobro zdravstveno upravljanje stadom i primjenu strogih higijensko-sanitarnih te vanjskih i unutarnjih biosigurnosnih mjera.Viral gastroenteritis in pigs is a continuous challenge for pig breeders, from the aspects of health management and the implementation of adequate biosecurity measures. The most important pathogens in its aetiology are coronaviruses and rotaviruses, having features such as excretion in high concentrations, low infective dose, extreme environmental stability and high contagiousness. Coronaviruses are the causative agents of important epizootics with high mortalities in nursing piglets (up to 100%), in particular the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), which recently caused substantial losses for pig breeders in Croatia and worldwide. Apart from PEDV, notable coronaviruses in pigs are transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and the recently described swine acute diarrhoea syndrome-coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Rotaviruses are also significant pathogens causing diarrhoea in young pigs, even though they are ubiquitous, with Rotavirus A (RVA) being the most important species among five rotavirus species known to circulate in pigs. Rotaviruses are known to possess a zoonotic potential which is also speculated for porcine deltacoronavirus, nevertheless coronaviruses of pigs have not yet been detected in humans. The example of SADS-CoV transmission from bats to pigs emphasizes the need for surveillance of wild animals known as a source of diseases that present a veterinary and public health threat. The pathogenesis, clinical appearance, autopsy and pathohistological findings are similar for all viral gastroenteritis in pigs. In case of an outbreak of watery and yellowish diarrhoea of high morbidity and mortality, especially in nursing piglets, the suspicion of viral aetiology is warranted. Therefore, early diagnosis is key for the implementation of adequate measures to prevent the disease from spreading and causing substantial losses. The therapy is only supportive and vaccines are not available on this market, therefore the control of these viral infections is based on good health management and the implementation of strict hygiene and sanitary measures, as well as internal and external biosecurity measures

Peste des petit ruminants – a new threat to the farm industry?

Kuga malih preživača (KMP) je virusna zarazna bolest prvenstveno ovaca i koza koja zahvaća dišni i probavni te imunosni sustav. Bolest je desetljećima prisutna u Africi gdje je prvotno i prepoznata, a odatle se proširila u Aziju i Europu. Odnedavno je KMP po prvi put utvrđena i u Europskoj uniji. Bolest nije zoonoza, ali je prijetnja međunarodnoj trgovini životinjama i njihovim proizvodima i uzrokuje ekonomske gubitke. Za sprečavanje bolesti dostupno je atenuirano cjepivo koje nije registrirano na hrvatskom tržištu.Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease that primarily affects goats and sheep. The disease affects the respiratory, digestive and immune systems. It has been present for decades in Africa, and has since spread to Asia and Europe. Recently, PPR was confirmed in the European Union for the first time. PPR is not a zoonotic disease; however, it presents a threat to the international trade of animals and their products and causes economic losses. An attenuated vaccine for prevention is available, though this vaccine is currently not registered on the Croatian market

Rabies in Carnivora and bats in the Republic of Croatia

Bjesnoća je zoonoza s najvišom stopom smrtnosti od svih trenutno poznatih zaraznih bolesti prouzročena virusom iz porodice Rhabdoviridae, roda Lyssavirus. Rezervoari virusa bjesnoće su životinje iz redova šišmiša i zvijeri. U Republici Hrvatskoj glavni rezervoar virusa bjesnoće je crvena lisica. Početkom oralnog cijepljena lisica broj pozitivnih slučajeva je opadao, a posljednji pozitivni slučaj potvrđen je u veljači 2014. godine. Za razliku od lisica, populacija šišmiša u Republici Hrvatskoj nikada nije bila sustavno pretraživana na prisutnost virusa bjesnoće ili drugih zoonotski potencijalno opasnih virusa. S ciljem utvrđivanja prisutnosti i proširenosti virusa u populaciji šišmiša započet je nacionalni projekt „Aktivni nadzor bjesnoće u šišmiša - bitan faktor za procjenu buduće prijetnje“ (BatsRabTrack) financiran od Hrvatske zaklade za znanost.Rabies is an ancient, major zoonosis with the highest mortality of any known infectious agent that continues to cause considerable human illness and death. The animal species in which these viruses are maintained are restricted to the order Chiroptera (bats) and Carnivora. In Croatia, the virus was maintained in a population of red fox. After starting the oral vaccination of foxes (2011), the last rabies positive case was confirmed in February 2014. Unlike in red fox, the data on rabies (and other viruses) in bats is very limited. During 2016, a national project financed by Croatian Science Foundation was started. The main goal of the project is to establish the presence of rabies and other zoonotic viruses in bats by applying virological, serological and molecular methods

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection

Infekcija goveđim respiratornim sincicij- skim virusom (BRSV) jedna je od najvažnijih zaraznih bolesti respiratornog sustava teladi. BRSV je blizak humanom respiratornom sin- cicijskom virusu (HRSV), najznačajnijem uz- ročniku bolesti donjeg respiratornog sustava (engl. Lower respiratory tract disease - LRTD) u djece. Genska i antigena raznolikost uz- ročnika infekcije, sklonost mutacijama kao i tolerancija na fiksaciju mutacija, rezultiraju njegovom brzom evolucijom, čime uspješ- no izmiče imunosnom sustavu domaćina. Posljedično, javljaju se ponavljajuće infekci- je, a imunost je kratkotrajna i neučinkovita, što predstavlja objektivne poteškoće razvoju učinkovitog cjepiva. Molekularna istraživa- nja provedena na sekvencama gena koji ko- dira glikoprotein G BRSV-a su pokazala da postiže najveću varijabilnost. Ustanovljeno je postojanje šest genskih podgrupa BRSV-a na temelju G i pet na temelju analize sekvenci F i N proteina. Unutar imunodominantnog pod- ručja glikoproteina G javljaju se mutacije koje omogućuju virusu kontinuiranu evoluciju. Programi intezivnog cijepljenja predstavlja- ju dodatni pritisak koji rezultira nastankom novih geografski specifičnih virusnih vari- janti, otkrivenih u novije vrijeme u Italiji i Hrvatskoj. Nedostatak podataka o nazočno- sti i genskoj raznolikosti BRSV-a u mnogim zemljama, ukazuje na nužnost provedbe istraživanja genske raznolikosti BRSV-a sa svrhom doprinosa u proizvodnji idealnog cjepiva za ovog uzročnika.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection is one of the most important respiratory tract diseases in cattle. BRSV is closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), an important cause of lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) in children. A high degree of genetic and antigenic diversity among BRSV isolates, high mutation rate and tolerance to mutation fixation result in recurrent infections, short term immunity and vaccination ineffectiveness. Based on the variability of sequence coding for glycoprotein G, BRSV has been classified into six different genetic subgroups, while similar analysis of the N and F genes resulted in only five subgroups, illustrating the higher rate of evolution of the G gene. Mutations within conserved parts of glycoprotein G indicate continuous BRSV evolution, enabling virus escape from the host immune system. Long- term bovine vaccination has resulted in the occurrence of new geographically specific virus variants detected in Italy and Croatia. The lack of data on BRSV genetic diversity in many other countries indicates the need for identification of new genetic subgroups in order to develop an effective vaccine

In the shadow of COVID-19: Towards declaring a rabies-free Croatia

Jedan od strateških ciljeva Europske unije (EU) u području zdravlja životinja proglašenje je cjelokupnog prostora EU slobodnim od klasične tzv. „zemaljske“ bjesnoće do 2020. godine. Zahvaljujući uspješnosti oralnog cijepljenja, koje se u Europi provodi još od 1978., većina zemalja zapadne i srednje Europe slobodna je od bjesnoće još od prijelaza u 21. stoljeće. Zadnji slučaj bjesnoće u Hrvatskoj zabilježen je u proljeće 2014., nakon samo tri godine od početka provedbe nacionalnog programa oralnog cijepljenja protiv bjesnoće. Ono što nam slijedi je dobivanje službenog statusa zemlje slobodne od bjesnoće, a posljedično tome i prijelaz na novu politiku kontrole bjesnoće u zemlji. Međutim, shvaćajući bjesnoću kao globalnu prijetnju zdravlju, a posebice obzirom na prisutnost virusa u šišmiša potreban je njen stalni nadzor.One of the strategic goals of the European Union (EU) in the field of animal health is to declare the entire EU territory free of classical terrestrial rabies (caused by the classic rabies virus) by 2020. Thanks to the success of oral vaccination, implemented in Europe since 1978, most countries in Western and Central Europe have been free of rabies since the beginning of the 21st century. The last case of rabies in Croatia was recorded in the spring of 2014, just three years after the start of implementation of the national oral rabies vaccination programme. The logical next step is obtaining the official status of a rabies-free country, and consequently transitioning to a new rabies control policy in the country. However, understanding rabies as a global threat to health, especially given the presence of the virus in bats, constant monitoring is still needed

Los alérgenos en los productos cárnicos del mercado croata

Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi prisutnost sljedećih alergena: glutena, soje, mlijeka i gorušice u različitim vrstama mesnih proizvoda te istražiti sukladnost sa oznakama na proizvodu odnosno udovoljavanje zahtjevima zakonodavstva s obzirom na utvrđene količine. Ispitivanje je provedeno na 51 uzorku mesnih proizvoda proizvedenih od strane različitih mesnih industrija i zastupljenih na hrvatskom tržištu. Količina alergena (mg/kg) određivana je primjenom validiranih ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) metoda. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je najveća količina glutena prisutna u hrenovkama (63,7 mg/kg), proteina mlijeka (380,4 mg/kg) i soje (25,7 mg/kg) u paštetama te gorušice (14,0 mg/kg) u kobasicama za pečenje. U šest mesnih proizvoda (11,8%) određeni su alergeni veći od limita kvantifikacije (LOQ) primjenjenih analitičkih metoda, a da njihova prisutnost nije bila označena. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na važnost sustavne kontrole alergena u mesnim proizvodima u svrhu zaštite zdravlja i interesa potrošača.The goal of this paper is to establish the presence of the following allergens: gluten, soy, milk and mustard in various types of meat products and research their compliance with the product labels, i.e. meeting the legal requirements with regard to the established quantities. The test was conducted on 51 meat product samples produced by different meat industries represented on the Croatian market. The quantity of the allergens (mg/kg) was defined by applying validated ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods. The research results show that the largest amount of gluten is present in frankfurters (63.7 mg/kg), milk protein (380.4 mg/kg) and soy (25.7 mg/kg) in pates and mustard (14.0 mg/kg) in grill sausages. In six meat products (11.8%), allergens have been established above the quantification limit (LOQ) of the applied analytical methods, while their presence was not indicated on the label. The research results point to the importance of systemic control of allergens in meat products in order to protect consumer interests and health.Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Anwesenheit der Allergene Gluten, Soja, Milch und Senf in diversen Fleischprodukten festzustellen und die Übereinstimmung mit der Produktkennzeichnung bzw. mit den gesetzlichen Anforderungen in Abhängigkeit von den festgelegten Mengen zu überprüfen. Die Untersuchung wurde an 51 Fleischproben durchgeführt, die aus diversen Fleischbetrieben stammen und auf dem kroatischen Markt vertreten sind. Die Allergenen-Menge (mg/kg) wurde mittels validierter ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) Methoden festgelegt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass der höchste Gehalt von Gluten in Würstchen (63,7 mg/kg), von Milchproteinen (380,4 mg/kg) und Soja (25,7 mg/kg) in Leberpasteten und von Senf (14,0 mg/kg) in Bratwürsten festgestellt wurde. Bei sechs Fleischprodukten (11,8%) wurde ein Anteil von Allergenen ermittelt, der das Quantifikationslimit (LOQ) der angewandten analytischen Methoden übersteigt, ohne dass deren Gehalt ausgewiesen wurde. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutung einer systematischen Kontrolle der Allergene in Fleischprodukten zum Schutz der Gesundheit und der Interessen der Verbraucher hin.Obiettivo di questo studio è accertare la presenza dei seguenti allergeni: glutine, soia, latte e senape in vari tipi di prodotti di carne e fare luce sulla conformità delle etichette sul prodotto, ossia la soddisfazione dei requisiti di legge rispetto alle quantità accertate. Il test ha interessato 51 campioni di prodotti di carne provenienti da diverse industrie alimentari e presenti sul mercato croato. La quantità di allergeni (mg/kg) è stata determinata applicando i metodi verificati ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). I risultati del test hanno dimostrato che il glutine è presente in maggior quantità nei wurstel (63,7 mg/kg), le proteine del latte (380,4 mg/kg) e della soia (25,7 mg/kg) nei pâté di carne e la senape (14,0 mg/kg) nelle salsicce da cuocere alla piastra. In sei prodotti di carne (11,8%) è stata accertata una presenza di allergeni superiore al limite di quantificazione (LOQ) dei metodi analitici applicati e che la loro presenza non era stata indicata nell’etichetta. I risultati della ricerca rimandano all’importanza dei controlli sistematici per individuare la presenza di allergeni nei prodotti di carne al fine di tutelare la salute e gli interessi dei consumatori.El objetivo principal de este trabajo es determinar la presencia de los siguientes alérgenos: gluten, soya y sinapis en diferentes tipos de productos cárnicos e investigar su correspondencia con los datos en las etiquetas de los productos, en otras palabras, el cumplimiento de los requisitos de la legislación con respecto a las cantidades determinadas. La investigación fue realizada en 51 muestras de productos cárnicos de varios productores de la industria cárnica presentes en el mercado croata. La cantidad de alérgenos (mg/kg) se determinó usando la validación de método ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Los resultados demuestran que la mayor cantidad de gluten está presente en salchichas de tipo Frankfurt (63,7 mg/kg); la de proteínas lácteas (380,4 mg/kg) y soya (25,7 mg/kg) en patés; y la de sinapis, (14,0 mg/kg) en salchichas para freír. En seis productos cárnicos (11,8) ciertos alérgenos sobrepasan el límite de cuantificación (LOQ) de los métodos analíticos usados, mientras que su presencia no se especificaba en la etiqueta. Los resultados de investigación destacan la importancia del control sistemático de alérgenos en los productos cárnicos con el fin de proteger la salud y los intereses de los consumidores

Pathology of canine herpesvirus infection

Pseća je herpesviroza globalno prisutna virusna zarazna bolest prouzročena psećim herpesvirusom 1 (Canid alphaherpesvirus-1; CHV). Infekcija ovim virusom ima dvije faze: litičku i latentnu. Sam ishod infekcije uvelike ovisi o dobi i razvijenosti imunološkog sustava psa. Najznačajnija patološka posljedica pseće herpesviroze je liza endotelnih stanica i epitelnih stanica više organskih sustava koja se pojavljuje u imunodeficijentnih štenaca. Zbog pantropizma CHV-a, posljedica infekcije je nekrohemoragična upala mnogobrojnih organa zbog koje štenci nerijetko i ugibaju. U imunokompetentnih starijih pasa, iako često asimptomatska, litička infekcija može biti i smrtonosna. Klinički simptomi uključuju infekcije dišnog i spolnog sustava i očiju. Najčešće prisutna lezija očiju je konjunktivitis, ali mogu se pojaviti i ulceracije, petehijalna krvarenja i eksudativni blefaritis s krustama i alopecijom. Utjecaj CHV-a na respiratorni sustav rezultira blagim rinitisom, faringitisom i traheobronhitisom, iznimno pneumonijom. CHV se često povezuje i sa zaraznim traheobronhitisom u pasa, tzv. ‘’kašaljem štenare’’. Infekcija spolnog sustava ograničena je na hiperemiju vagine ili prepucija s hiperplastičnim limfoidnim folikulima te papulovezikularnim lezijama, ali se smatra najvažnijim izvorom infekcije za štenad pri porođaju. Prestankom kliničkih simptoma CHV prelazi u fazu latencije u živčanim ganglijima te se na taj način trajno zadržava u domaćinu. Prilikom stresa i imunosupresije latentni se CHV virus može reaktivirati i uspostaviti litičku fazu. Time se virus ponovno počinje replicirati i izlučivati, a oboljeli pas se mora isključiti iz uzgoja jer predstavlja izvor daljnjeg širenja virusa. Ipak, primjenom cjepiva u gravidnih kuja moguće je zaštititi novorođenu štenad te spriječiti teške posljedice herpesviroze u pasa.Canine alphaherpesvirus-1 (CHV) is a globally present virus causing infectious disease in dogs. The outcome of CHV infection depends significantly on the age and immune system development of the dog and occurs in two phases: lytic and latent. Due to the pantropism of CHV, lysis occurs in the endothelium and epithelium of various organ systems, causing necrohaemorrhagic inflammation and frequently death in immunodeficient puppies. Lytic infection produces reduced or silent symptoms in older, immunocompetent dogs, although it can occasionally be fatal. Clinical signs of infection appear in the ocular, reproductive, and respiratory systems. The most typical eye lesion is conjunctivitis, though other conditions such as ulcers, petechial haemorrhages, exudative blepharitis with crusts, and alopecia can also occur. When CHV affects the respiratory system, it can cause mild rhinitis, pharyngitis, and tracheobronchitis, as well as severe pneumonia. The virus is also frequently linked to infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs, or “kennel cough.” Although infection of the reproductive system is restricted to hyperaemia of the vagina or prepuce with hyperplastic lymphoid follicles and papulovesicular lesions, it is thought to be the most significant source of infection for puppies after birth. After the onset of clinical symptoms, CHV enters the latency phase in the nerve ganglia, where it remains in the host indefinitely. During times of stress and immunosuppression in dogs, the latent CHV virus can occasionally reactivate and establisha lytic phase, at which point it resumes replication and shedding. These CHV latency effects are a significant problem since the affected dog is permanently infected, cannot be bred, and is always a source of possible virus outbreak. Although death ensuing from CHV infection is the worst conceivable consequence, immunisation of pregnant females can protect newborn puppies and breeders from this outcome