6 research outputs found
B Chromosomes in Grasshoppers: Different Origins and Pathways to the Modern Bs
B chromosomes (Bs) were described in most taxa of eukaryotes and in around 11.9% of studied Orthopteran species. In some grasshopper species, their evolution has led to many B chromosome morphotypes. We studied the Bs in nine species (Nocaracris tardus, Nocaracris cyanipes, Aeropus sibiricus, Chorthippus jacobsoni, Chorthippus apricarius, Bryodema gebleri, Asiotmethis heptapotamicus songoricus, Podisma sapporensis, and Eyprepocnemis plorans), analyzing their possible origin and further development. The studied Bs consisted of C-positive or C-positive and C-negative regions. Analyzing new data and considering current hypotheses, we suggest that Bs in grasshoppers could arise through different mechanisms and from different chromosomes of the main set. We gave our special attention to the Bs with C-negative regions and suggest a new hypothesis of B chromosome formation from large or medium autosomes. This hypothesis includes dissemination of repetitive sequences and development of intercalary heterochromatic blocks in euchromatic chromosome arm followed by deletion of euchromatic regions located between them. The hypothesis is based on the findings of the Eyprepocnemis plorans specimens with autosome containing numerous intercalary repeat clusters, analysis of C-positive Bs in Eyprepocnemis plorans and Podisma sapporensis containing intercalary and terminal C-negative regions, and development of heterochromatic neo-Y chromosome in some Pamphagidae grasshoppers
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
Formation and reproduction of gut microbiome begins at birth, while change in its composition depends mainly on various genetic, nutritional and environmental factors. The article considers the features of clinical manifestation of subcompensated intestinal dysbiosis in cats in assessing the effectiveness of its treatment. The studies were carried out on the basis of Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, and the clinical work was conducted at private veterinary clinics: βAvetturaβ, βEpionaβ, βIn the World with Animalsβ. Cats were selected for the experiment as they arrived at the initial appointment at veterinary clinics. The diagnosis of suspected intestinal dysbacteriosis was made considering anamnesis, clinical examination, and microbiological tests. The severity of intestinal dysbacteriosis was assessed on the results of clinical and laboratory studies. During the research, clinical and diagnostic approaches for subcompensated intestinal dysbacteriosis in cats were improved. Furthermore, effective ways of its treatment were developed. For subcompensated intestinal dysbacteriosis, administration of βLactobifadolβ probiotic, βVetelaktβ prebiotic and βAzoksivetβ immunomodulator showed the greatest therapeutic effect, which led to an overall clinical improvement in 5.50 days. Therapeutic efficacy of B 3 regimen was also clearly evidenced by the positive changes in intestinal microbiota and hematological blood parameters during the pharmacorrection. Improvement of clinical diagnostic approaches, prognosis of intestinal dysbiosis of varying severity and treatment effectiveness in cats require will allow to study intestinal dysbiotic disorders in other animal speciesΠ€ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ: Β«ΠΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°Β», Β«ΠΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Β», Β«Π ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ». ΠΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ· ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·Π°, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Β«ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Β» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡΒ» ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Β«ΠΠ·ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° 5,5 ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π3 Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Origin and Evolution of the Neo-Sex Chromosomes in Pamphagidae Grasshoppers through Chromosome Fusion and Following Heteromorphization
In most phylogenetic lineages, the evolution of sex chromosomes is accompanied by their heteromorphization and degradation of one of them. The neo-sex chromosomes are useful model for studying early stages of these processes. Recently two lineages of the neo-sex chromosomes on different stages of heteromorphization was discovered in Pamphagidae family. The neo-sex chromosome heteromorphization was analyzed by generation of DNA probes derived from the neo-Xs and neo-Ys followed with chromosome painting in nineteen species of Pamphagidae family. The homologous regions of the neo-sex chromosomes were determined in closely related species with the painting procedure and image analysis with application of the Visualization of the Specific Signal in Silico software package. Results of these analyses and distribution of C-positive regions in the neo-sex chromosomes revealed details of the heteromorphization of the neo-sex chromosomes in species from both phylogenetic lineages of Pamphagidae grasshoppers. The hypothetical mechanism of the neo-Y degradation was suggested. It includes expansion of different repeats from the proximal neo-Y chromosome region by inversions, spreading them towards distal region. Amplification of these repeats leads to formation of C-positive regions and elimination of the C-negative regions located between them
Fecal Microbiota Analysis in Cats with Intestinal Dysbiosis of Varying Severity
Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases in various animal species. There are only limited data on the microbiome in cats with varying grades of dysbiosis. The purpose of the study was a detailed analysis of the quantitative and qualitative fecal microbiota spectrum in cats with intestinal dysbiosis of varying severity. The data obtained indicate that, depending on the dysbiosis severity in cats, the intestinal microbiome landscape changes significantly. It has been established that, depending on the dysbiosis severity, there is a shift in the balance between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pools and in the nature of the isolation of specific bacteria forms, in the amount of obligate microbiota isolation, as well as individual facultative strains. When analyzing the serotyping of E. coli cultures isolated at various grades of intestinal dysbiosis severity, differences were found both in the isolation amount of various serotypes from one animal and in the prevalence of certain serotypes for each disease severity. A retrospective analysis of the fecal microbiota sensitivity in cats with dysbiosis to antibacterial drugs showed that, depending on the disease severity, the number of isolates sensitive to antibiotics increases significantly