Grammaticalization and grammar

This paper is concerned with developing Joan Bybee's proposals regarding the nature of grammatical meaning and synthesizing them with Paul Hopper's concept of grammar as emergent. The basic question is this: How much of grammar may be modeled in terms of grammaticalization? In contradistinction to Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), who propose a fairly broad and unconstrained framework for grammaticalization, we try to present a fairly specific and constrained theory of grammaticalization in order to get a more precise idea of the potential and the problems of this approach. Thus, while Heine et al. (1991:25) expand – without discussion – the traditional notion of grammaticalization to the clause level, and even include non-segmental structure (such as word order), we will here adhere to a strictly 'element-bound' view of grammaticalization: where no grammaticalized element exists, there is no grammaticalization. Despite this fairly restricted concept of grammaticalization, we will attempt to corroborate the claim that essential aspects of grammar may be understood and modeled in terms of grammaticalization. The approach is essentially theoretical (practical applications will, hopefully, follow soon) and many issues are just mentioned and not discussed in detail. The paper presupposes a familiarity with the basic facts of grammaticalization and it does not present any new facts

Peran teknologi dan kerja sama tim dalam pendokumentasian bahasa

Jika dibandingkan dengan pendeskripsian bahasa dengan pendekatan yang lebih tradisional, ada dua ciri penting pendokumentasian bahasa, yaitu perhatian eksplisit terhadap teknologi yang dapat membuat pekerjaan pendokumentasian bahasa yang belum terdokumentasi dengan baik menjadi lebih efisien dan penekanan tentang perlunya tim yang terdiri atas orang-orang dengan keahlian yang berbeda-beda dan jenis keahlian berbeda untuk bekerja bersama dalam usaha pendokumentasian dan konservasi. Jika dilihat dari kontribusinya saat ini, kedua hal tersebut berkaitan erat satu sama lain dan saling mendukung satu sama lain. Repositori-bahasa daring (arsip) memungkinkan kelompok pengguna yang berbeda untuk mengakses dan bekerja dengan materi yang dikumpulkan pada pendokumentasian bahasa. Pada saat yang bersamaan, arsip ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk memperbarui dokumentasi dengan cara menambahkan data baru atau membuat anotasi dan analisis lanjutan. Sejalan dengan itu, untuk mendapatkan dokumentasi yang baik, menjadikan penutur asli dan komunitas tutur sebagai partner aktif dalam proyek dokumentasi merupakan hal yang esensial. Hal itu bahkan lebih esensial bagi upaya revitalisasi. Dalam hal ini, teknologi berbasis telepon pintar bisa membantu memperluas kemungkinan partisipasi penutur asli dan pihak lain yang tertarik

The Philippine Challenge to Universal Grammar

Grammatical relations – in particular the relation 'subject of' – and voice are of central concern to any theory of universal grammar. With respect to these phenomena the analysis of Tagalog (and the Philippine languages in general) has turned out to be particularly difficult and continues to be a matter of debate. What traditionally has been called passive voice in these languages […] appears to be so different from voice phenomena in the more familiar Indo-European languages that the term 'focus' was introduced in the late 1950s to underscore its 'exceptional' nature [...]. Furthermore, […] an inflationary use has been made of the term 'ergative' in the last decade; it can thus no longer be assumed that it has an unequivocal and specific meaning in typologizing languages, apart from the technical definition it might be given within a particular framework. But if the Philippine 'focus' constructions are neither passive nor ergative, how else can they be analysed? [...] In this paper a ease will be made for the claim that 'focus' marking should be analysed in terms of orientation, a concept used […] for capturing the difference between English (and, more generally, Indo-European) orientated nominalisations such as 'employ-er' or 'employ-ee', and unorientated nominalisations such as 'employ-ing'. This approach implies that 'focus' marking is derivational rather than inflectional as often presumed in the literature. This is to say that what is typologically conspicuous in Tagalog is not the 'focus' phenomenon per se, since this is very similar to orientated nominalisations in many other languages, but rather the very prominent use of orientated formations (i.e., derivational morphology) in basic clause structure