A Study On Association Between Respiratory Tract Infection And Serum 25(Oh) Vitamin D3 Level In Children Of A Tertiary Care Hospital

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common worldwide and are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The most common causal agents are the bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia and influenza-virus. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the level of serum 25(OH) Vitamin D3 in respiratory tract infection (both upper and lower) in children. Materials and Methods: A Case control study of total 105 cases of age group 2 months to 12 years from both indoor and OPD patients of Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna Bihar, were taken as cases who were suffering from respiratory tract infection and 86 disease free age and sex matched children were taken as control. Results: This study included total 196 children of age group 2 months to 12 years. 105 children who were suffering from respiratory tract infection were taken as cases and 86 disease free age and sex matched children were taken as controls. The mean age of cases was 40.88±37.57 months and that of control was 37.66±35.25. Maximum population were in vitamin D insufficient state both in case and control. Conclusion: To conclude supplementation of vitamin D may be useful in prevention of RTIs, specially the LRTI group and to decrease the number of PICU admission. However more studies are needed to be performed in this field to assess further correlation with frequency, severity and the types of RTIs

Incidence of Congenital Hypothyroidism and G6pd Deficiency in New Born

Congenital hypothyroidism is the most common congenital endocrine disorder in childhood and also is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. The incidence in India is estimated to be 2.1 per 1000 live births.G6PD deficiency is also a common condition, affecting around 400 million people worldwide and is characterized by considerable biochemical and molecular heterogeneity. A higher incidence of G6PD deficiency is seen in tropical and subtropical zones of the world. Aims and Objectives: 1. To estimate the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism and G6PD Deficiency in newborn population born in a tertiary care centre. 2. To study the natural history of screen positive cases. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 1555 patients in the department of Paediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, over a period of 18 months from Apr 2019 to Sept. 2020. Umbilical cord mixed blood samples were collected in a sterile and EDTA container, drawn from placental side of the umbilical cord incised while severing it at the time of birth. Results: The presenting age of the mothers ranged from 18 to 43 years with an average age of 27 years. Out of the 1027 mothers, the highest peak i.e. 430mothers (41.04%) were aged between 25 to 30 years.  Mothers who where aged > 36 formed the lesser group. Of the 1555 neonates whose cord blood samples were analyzed 43 neonates had TSH values more than 20 mIU /L. On re estimation of TSH and T4 values more than 72 hrs later all cases  who were found to have higher TSH values in cord blood had age appropriate TSH and T4 values. Of the 1555 cord samples 7 of them were found to be G6PD deficient (value taken as less than 6.95 mU/g of Hb). Conclusion:The present study adds emphasis on the need for continuing screening for the most important preventable cause of mental retardation. Similarly there were 7 cases of G6PD deficiency found on cord blood estimation. This study also showed that there is no significant difference between cord blood and venous sample values indicating that cord blood estimation suffices for screening purposes

A Hospital Based Case Control Study on Correlation Between Simple Febrile Seizure and Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Febrile seizure (FS) is the most common convulsive disorder in children, which affects 2-5% of children aged between 3 to 60 months. Among the numerous biological effects of iron, there is considerable evidence that iron is also important for neurological functioning. Aims and Objectives: To assess and evaluate any possible association between febrile convulsion and iron deficiency anaemia. Materials and Methods: This case-control study involved 300 children aged from six months to 5 years, hospitalized in the pediatrics ward of NMCH, Patna from May 2019 to November 2020. They were divided into two groups of 150 children each. In the case group children having simple febrile convulsion were kept and the control group had children with fever of less than 3 days duration but without febrile convulsion. Result: The risk of simple febrile seizure was 1.86 times more among the patients with level of hemoglobin < 11 gm/dl as compared with the patients with level of hemoglobin≥11 gm/dl [OR-1.76(1.01, 3.08); p= 0.04] and the risk was significant. Conclusion: we concluded that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was more frequently seen among children with FS than those with febrile illness alone. .All the investigations done also suggested that iron deficient children are more prone for febrile seizures and hence prophylactic iron supplementation in iron deficient anaemic children can probably avert first febrile convulsions

Clinico-etiological profile of neonatal seizures in a tertiary care hospital of Northern India: a prospective cohort study

Background: Neonates are at higher risk for the development of seizures due to various reasons, however diagnosis of neonatal seizures is difficult to establish because of varied aetiologies involved. Seizures are one of the most common risk factor for neonatal mortality and subsequent long term neurological sequelae. The incidence of neonatal seizure (NS) varies from 1.8-3.5/1000 live birth; whereas in NICU it could be as high as 5/1000 live births. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence, etiological factor, biochemical abnormalities, days of onset and clinical types in cases having neonatal seizures.Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive type of observational study done in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College & Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India. The study was conducted over a period of 1 year from 1st April 2019 to 31st March 2020 March. 214 neonates fulfilling the inclusion criteria of being < 28 days of life and either presenting with history of seizures or developing seizure during their course of treatment in NICU were included in the study, after consent from parents. They were evaluated with necessary investigations, ultrasound head and CT scan for incidence, etiological factor, clinical types and biochemical abnormalities found in neonatal seizure. Results: Out of 1488 NICU admissions during study period, seizures occurred in 214 neonates. Incidence of NS was 14.38% of total NICU admission. Neonatal seizure occurred more commonly among male (65.4%) than female admissions. 88.3% of NS occurred in babies delivered through spontaneous vaginal delivery. 97.7% neonates with seizure were hospital delivered. Most (68.7%) of these cases had birth weight > 2.5 kg. 90.2% of these case were term babies and only 7.9% were pre-term deliveries. 80.8% were appropriate for gestation age (AGA). 54.7% babies developed seizure within 24 hours of life and total 72% developed seizure within 72 hours of life. Subtle seizure was most common (45.3%) seizure type followed by focal clonic (25.7%), multifocal clonic (11.7%), tonic (7.5%) and myoclonic (2.8%). Birth asphyxia was most common cause seen in 58.4% cases followed by septicaemia/meningitis in 20.6% cases. 42% had biochemical abnormalities but only 9.3% cases had pure metabolic seizure. Hyponatremia was the most common (60.8%) biochemical abnormalities; however hypoglycemia was most common cause for pure metabolic seizure constituting 70% of all pure metabolic seizures. Mortality rate in our study was 15.4% (33 cases, 21 male and 12 female). Most common aetiology leading to death was HIE (58%), followed by infection (24%). Conclusion: Out of total 214 cases, most neonates were normal birth weight, AGA and born through spontaneous vaginal delivery. Majority of neonates had onset of seizure <3 days (<72 hours). Subtle seizure was the most common seizure type and birth asphyxia the most common cause. Health care workers and parents need to be made aware of subtle seizures and the importance of timely and appropriate treatment to decrease any further complications

Mechanistic investigations of the dual activity of Gonadotropins using target tissue cAMP level as a response parameter

Gonadotropins like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) exhibit dual activities on target tissues. The status of cAMP as a second messenger in these activities has been examined experimentally. Direct correlation with target tissue cAMP concentration, has been observed in the case of thyrotropic effect of hCG on thyroid tissue and the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion effect of hCG on superovulated immature rat ovaries. Marked difference in the response of buffalo tissues in comparison to rat tissues has been observed. No correlation could be observed between cAMP levels and ovarian ascorbic acid content in the case of PMSG action. Surprisingly a peptide derived from buffalo Prolactin appears to have antigonadotropic effect as far as ovarian ascorbic acid content is concerned

Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating leaf SPAD value and trichome density in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is used for the precise localization of genomic regions regulating various traits in plants. Two major QTLs regulating Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) value (qSPAD-7-1) and trichome density (qTric-7-2) in mungbean were identified using recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations (PMR-1×Pusa Baisakhi) on chromosome 7. Functional analysis of QTL region identified 35 candidate genes for SPAD value (16 No) and trichome (19 No) traits. The candidate genes regulating trichome density on the dorsal leaf surface of the mungbean include VRADI07G24840, VRADI07G17780, and VRADI07G15650, which encodes for ZFP6, TFs bHLH DNA-binding superfamily protein, and MYB102, respectively. Also, candidate genes having vital roles in chlorophyll biosynthesis are VRADIO7G29860, VRADIO7G29450, and VRADIO7G28520, which encodes for s-adenosyl-L-methionine, FTSHI1 protein, and CRS2-associated factor, respectively. The findings unfolded the opportunity for the development of customized genotypes having high SPAD value and high trichome density having a possible role in yield and mungbean yellow vein mosaic India virus (MYMIV) resistance in mungbean

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Not AvailableGlobally, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains a major constraint of mungbean production, and management of this deadly disease is still the biggest challenge. Thus, finding ways to manage YMD including development of varieties possessing resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is a research priority for mungbean crop. Characterization of YMD resistance using various advanced molecular and biochemical approaches during plant–virus interactions has unfolded a comprehensive network of pathogen survival, disease severity, and the response of plants to pathogen attack, including mechanisms of YMD resistance in mungbean. The biggest challenge in YMD management is the effective utilization of an array of information gained so far, in an integrated manner for the development of genotypes having durable resistance against yellow mosaic virus (YMV) infection. In this backdrop, this review summarizes the role of various begomoviruses, its genomic components, and vector whiteflies, including cryptic species in the YMD expression. Also, information about the genetics of YMD in both mungbean and blackgram crops is comprehensively presented, as both the species are crossable, and same viral strains are also found affecting these crops. Also, implications of various management strategies including the use of resistance sources, the primary source of inoculums and vector management, wide-hybridization, mutation breeding, markerassisted selection (MAS), and pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) are thoroughly discussed. Finally, the prospects of employing various powerful emerging tools like translational genomics, and gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 are also highlighted to complete the YMD management perspective in mungbean.Not Availabl