Effect of a novel succinamic acid derivative as potential anti-diabetic agent in experimental diabetic rats

4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid which is a succinamic acid derivative has been synthesized in 3 step reaction with malic acid. Its structure confirmation was done by various techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, & HRMS and is recently proposed as an insulinotropic agent for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In the present study, the effect of 4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid on plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic model was investigated.  4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid was administered orally (20 mg/kg b.w.) to streptozotocin + nicotinamide (STZ + NAD) induced diabetic rats for 28 days. A significant increase in fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c levels, Serum lipid profile (TG & TC) and in  the levels of Malonaldialdehyde (MDA, end product of lipid peroxidation) was observed in STZ +NAD diabetic rats whereas the levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum insulin levels were significantly decreased  in STZ + NAD induced diabetic rats The effect of 4-((benzyloxy)amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid was compared with glibenclamide, a reference drug. Treatment with 4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid and glibenclamide resulted in a significant reduction of fasting blood glucose levels with increase in plasma insulin levels in diabetic treated rats. 4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid also resulted in a significant improvement in serum lipids and lipid peroxidation products. Our results suggest the potential role of 4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus experimental rats. Keywords: 4-((benzyloxy) amino)-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid, dyslipidemia, streptozotocin induced diabetes, lipid peroxidatio

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) versus Bipolar Hemi-arthroplasty (BHA) for displaced fracture neck of femur in elderly patients- A prospective study

Background Femoral neck fracture is the most common injury in elderly population. Prevention of complications by early surgery and mobilization in these patients is of prime importance. Bipolar hemi-arthroplasty (BHA) and Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) are the treatment options available for elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures. In our study, we analysed the outcomes following Bipolar Hemi-arthroplasty (BHA) in comparison to Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)

Tubercular sinus over manubrium sterni: a rare presentation

Isolated sternal involvement in tuberculosis is rare. Very few case reports are available in literature even from the countries where tuberculosis is endemic. We are reporting a case of 32-year-old female who presented to us with a pus discharging sinus over manubrium sterni with no other systemic features of tuberculosis. Sinus tract was excised and biopsy confirmed tuberculosis. Patient received antitubercular therapy for 9 months

Hyperhomocysteinemia presenting as Wallenberg syndrome: A report of two cases and review of literature

Wallenberg syndrome or lateral medullary syndrome occurs due to infarction of the lateral medulla usually supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). It most commonly results from occlusion of the vertebral artery followed by the PICA. The clinical manifestations result from impaired functioning of vestibular nuclei, inferior cerebellar peduncle, central tegmental tract, descending sympathetic fibers, nucleus ambiguus, spinothalamic tracts and spinal trigeminal nucleus. The clinical manifestations include dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, Horner′s syndrome, ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature over the face and contralateral loss over the trunk and body etc. Manifestations depend on the site of lesion. The most common etiology of Wallenberg syndrome being atherosclerotic occlusion of the arteries followed by secondary thrombosis. However, prothrombotic states rarely present as lateral medullary syndrome. Therefore, we report two cases of Wallenberg syndrome where patients were found to have hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for the prothrombotic state

Varied manifestations of tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. The prevalence of TSC is estimated to be 1 in 95,136 in general population and in those <6 years of age, it is 1 in 14,608. It is an autosomal dominant neurocutaenous disease and in about 80% of cases it is caused by a de novo mutation. The relationship between cardiac rhabdomyomas and TSC is well established. The cardiac rhabdomyomas may arise anywhere in the myocardium but are more commonly seen in the left ventricle. However, in our case an interventricular septal rhabdomyoma was seen. Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) occur in up to 80% of patients with TSC. Bilateral renal AMLs were seen in our case. There was evidence of systemic involvement in form of lymphangiomyomatosis and subependymal hamartomas

A rare case of underlying pulmonary sequestration in a patient with recently diagnosed medium and large vessel vasculitis

Vasculitis of medium- and large-sized arteries is an inflammatory and stenotic disease characterized by a strong predilection for the aortic arch and its branches. It presents with symptoms and signs as per the vessels and organs involved. Pulmonary sequestration is a rare abnormality characterized by a mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue that receives its vascular supply from a systemic artery and is separated from the normal tracheobronchial tree. The following is a rare case report showing the presence of pulmonary sequestration in a patient with recently diagnosed hypertension and intestinal angina due to medium and large vessel vasculitis

Degree of Left Renal Vein Compression Predicts Nutcracker Syndrome

Nutcracker syndrome (NS) refers to symptomatic compression of the left renal vein (LRV) between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery with potential symptoms including hematuria, proteinuria, left flank pain, and renal venous hypertension. No consensus diagnostic criteria exist to guide endovascular treatment. We aimed to evaluate the specificity of LRV compression to NS symptoms through a retrospective study including 33 NS and 103 control patients. The size of the patent lumen at point of compression and normal portions of the LRV were measured for all patients. Multiple logistic regression analyses (MLR) assessing impact of compression, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender on the likelihood of each symptom with NS were obtained. NS patients presented most commonly with abdominal pain (72.7%), followed by hematuria (57.6%), proteinuria (39.4%), and left flank pain (30.3%). These symptoms were more commonly seen than in the control group at 10.6, 11.7, 6.8, and 1.9%, respectively. The degree of LRV compression for NS was 74.5% and 25.2% for controls (p &lt; 0.0001). Higher compression led to more hematuria (p &lt; 0.0013), abdominal pain (p &lt; 0.006), and more proteinuria (p &lt; 0.002). Furthermore, the average BMI of NS patients was 21.4 and 27.2 for controls (p &lt; 0.001) and a low BMI led to more abdominal pain (p &lt; 0.005). These results demonstrate a strong correlation between the degree of LRV compression on imaging in diagnosing NS

Real-time study of spatio-temporal dynamics (4D) of physiological activities in alive biological specimens with different FOVs and resolutions simultaneously

Abstract This article reports the development of a microscopy imaging system that gives feasibility for studying spatio-temporal dynamics of physiological activities of alive biological specimens (over entire volume not only for a particular section, i.e., in 4D). The imaging technology facilitates to obtain two image frames of a section of the larger specimen ( $$\sim \text {mm}$$ ∼ mm ) with different FOVs at different resolutions or magnifications simultaneously in real-time (in addition to recovery of 3D (volume) information). Again, this imaging system addresses the longstanding challenges of housing multiple light sources (6 at the maximum till date) in microscopy (in general) and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) (in particular), by using a tuneable pulsed laser source (with an operating wavelength in the range $$\sim 420$$ ∼ 420 –670 nm) in contrast to the conventional CW laser source being adopted for inducing photo-excitation of tagged fluorophores. In the present study, we employ four wavelengths ( $$\sim$$ ∼ 488 nm, 585 nm, 590 nm, and 594 nm). Our study also demonstrates quantitative characterization of spatio-temporal dynamics (velocity—both amplitude and direction) of organelles (mitochondria) and their mutual correlationships. Mitochondria close to the nucleus (or in clustered cells) are observed to possess a lower degree of freedom in comparison to that at the cellular periphery (or isolated cells). In addition, the study demonstrates real-time observation and recording of the development and growth of all tracheal branches during the entire period ( $$\sim 95$$ ∼ 95 min) of embryonic development (Drosophila). The experimental results—with experiments being conducted in various and diversified biological specimens (Drosophila melanogaster, mouse embryo, and HeLa cells)—demonstrate that the study is of great scientific impact both from the aspects of technology and biological sciences