Lineaments And Their Association With Landslide Occurrences Along The Ranau- Tambunan Road, Sabah

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of lineaments on landslide occurrences based on the concept of lineament density. The Ranau-Tambunan districts with a 54 km road stretch from Ranau to Tambunan, crossing the Crocker and Trusmadi Formations is selected as the study area. In total, the study area is 844.7 km 2 . Both formations have similar area with Crocker at 405.5 km 2 and Trusmadi at 425.6 km 2 The rest are either igneous and alluvium (13.6 km 2 ). The lineaments were identified using a 5x5 weighted kernel filter on a -645 -Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. C 646 RADARSAT-1 standard mode image. The lineament density was calculated using a 1 km x 1 km grid on the lineament map and the density for each 1 km 2 grid is represented by the total length of lineaments in a grid. A total of 334 lineaments were identified with the lineament density map classified into three classes of density, resulting low (<318-m), moderate (319-775-m), and high (>775-m) using the natural break classification. The lineament density is more pronounced in the Crocker compared to the Trusmadi Formation. The influence of lineament on landslide occurrences was examined by overlapping the lineament density map with 75 landslides observed from fieldwork to determine the number of landslides in each density class. Out of the 75 landslides, 29 landslides occurred in the Crocker Formation and the other 46 landslides in the Trusmadi Formation. From the overlapped, a total of 47 landslides (63%) were captured into the high density class with 19 and 28 landslides in the Crocker and Trusmadi Formations respectively. These results indicate over half of the landslide occurrences are induced by the presence of lineaments with the highest percentage of landslides occurring in the Crocker Formation. As a conclusion, this study found that using the grid technique is an effective way to determine lineament density and quantify its influence on landslide occurrences

Drug–drug Interactions in Hospitalized Cardiac Patients

Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are defined as two or more drugs interacting in such a manner that the effectiveness or toxicity of one or more drugs is altered. DDI in patients receiving multidrug therapy is a major concern. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of DDIs in patients admitted in cardiology unit of a teaching hospital. A prospective, observational study was carried out for a period of 3 months (April–July 2009). During the study period, a total of 600 prescriptions were analyzed and it was found that 88 patients had at least one DDI. The percentage of DDIs was higher in females compared to males (56.82% vs. 43.18%). DDIs were observed more in the age group of 60 years and above (57.96). Patients with more than 10 prescribed drugs developed DDIs more frequently [58 (65.91%)]. Heparin [55 (62.25%)] and aspirin [42 (47.72%)] were the most common drugs responsible for DDIs. Bleeding was the commonest clinical consequence [76 (86.63%)] found in this study population. On assessment of severity of DDIs, majority of the cases were classified as moderate in severity (61.36%). Aging, female gender and increase in concurrent medications were found to be associated with increased DDIs. Patients having these risk factors can be actively monitored during their stay in the cardiology department to identify DDIs

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