Evolución de los computadores: Textos para una exposición

En el texto, de carácter divulgativo, se presentan algunos sistemas que fueron un hito en la evolución histórica de los computadores, desde los primeros artefactos mecánicos de cálculo, hasta los recientes supercomputadores. Ordenados cronológicamente, se comentan piezas de hardware, procesadores y otros dispositivos escogidos por su relevancia, y se incluyen algunas características técnicas y comentarios que los ubican históricamente, y que permiten relacionarlos y comprender su importancia dentro de un contexto tecnológico

Technological collaboration : bridging the innovation gap between small and large firms

This paper analyses technological collaboration as an input to the innovation processes of SMEs. Technological collaboration may be a useful mechanism to offset some of the weaknesses in SMEs resource endowments and bring their innovation capabilities closer to that of their large counterparts. The results, based on a large longitudinal sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, show that technological collaboration is a critical factor in improving the capabilities and innovativeness of SMEs. While a general bridging of the gap between the innovativeness of SMEs and large firms was observed, the most significant advance was in product rather than process innovations

Model-based approach for household clustering with mixed scale variables

The Ministry of Social Development in Mexico is in charge of creating and assigning social programmes targeting specific needs in the population for the improvement of the quality of life. To better target the social programmes, the Ministry is aimed to find clusters of households with the same needs based on demographic characteristics as well as poverty conditions of the household. Available data consists of continuous, ordinal, and nominal variables, all of which come from a non-i.i.d complex design survey sample. We propose a Bayesian nonparametric mixture model that jointly models a set of latent variables, as in an underlying variable response approach, associated to the observed mixed scale data and accommodates for the different sampling probabilities. The performance of the model is assessed via simulated data. A full analysis of socio-economic conditions in households in the Mexican State of Mexico is presented

Novelty of product innovation : the role of different networks

In the current competitive scenario, firms are driven to introduce products with a higher degree of novelty. Consequently, there is a growing need to understand the critical success factors behind radical innovation. Specifically, this work empirically and theoretically analyses the role of different types of collaborative networks in achieving product innovation and, more precisely, the degree of novelty. Using a longitudinal data of Spanish manufacturing firms, our results show that the continuity on the co-operative strategy, the type of partner and the diversity of collaborative networks are critical factors in achieving a higher degree of novelty in product innovatio