Dimers of pyrrolo-annelated indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalenes – large multiredox systems

Novel scaffolds of indenofluorene (IF)-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (TTF) were synthesized starting from a new pyrrolo-annelated IF-TTF monomer. Rigid para- and meta-phenylene linked dimers were obtained via N-arylation reactions of the monomer, and their optical and redox properties were elucidated by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic and differential pulse voltammetries

Building a relation

Bakgrunn: Personer som lider av schizofreni kan ha liten forståelse for sin lidelse. Dette kan føre til at personen blir innlagt på tvang fordi en kan være til fare for seg selv eller andre. Det kan være utfordrende for sykepleier å fremme relasjon med personer som er innlagt mot sin vilje og som lider av schizofreni. En god relasjon mellom sykepleier og person som er innlagt er en forutsetning for behandlingen. Hensikt: Hensikten med studien er å opparbeide kunnskap om hvordan sykepleiere kan på best mulig måte fremme relasjon med personer som er innlagt på tvang og lider av schizofreni. Metode: I denne studien er det er benyttet litteraturstudie som metode. Det er utført et systematisk litteratursøk etter vitenskapelige forskningsartikler som kan bidra til å belyse studiens tema. Seks artikler er inkludert i denne studien. Resultat: Basert på funnene i de seks vitenskapelige artiklene som ble valgt i denne studien, ble det identifisert seks hovedtemaer som er av stor betydning for å fremme en god relasjon. Disse seks temaene er; å skape tillit, samarbeid, tvang, lidelsen, å bli sett og respekt, empati, nærhet og avstand. Konklusjon: Det er viktig at sykepleiere har kunnskap om hvilke faktorer som kan fremme relasjon med personer som er innlagt på tvang og som samtidig lider av schizofreni. Å skape tillit, fokusere på et samarbeid med personen, vite hvordan bruk av tvang og lidelsen påvirker relasjonen, å se personen bak lidelsen og vise respekt, empati, nærhet og avstand. Sykepleiere bør rette oppmerksomhet mot disse seks identifiserte temaene i denne studien for å kunne fremme relasjon med personer som er innlagt på tvang og samtidig lider av schizofreni.Background: Persons suffering from schizophrenia may have lack of understanding on their disorder. Because they can be a danger to themselves or others, can this cause the person to be admitted to involuntary commitment. It can be challenging for nurses to promote good relations with persons who are admitted to involuntary commitment and who suffers from schizophrenia. A good relation between nurses and the person who is admittet to involuntary commitment, is a condition to treatment. Aim: The aim of the study was to acquire knowledge about how of the nurses can in the best possible way promote relation with persons who is admitted to involuntary commitment and suffers from schizophrenia. Method: In this study it was conducted literature study methodology. It is performed a systematic search for scientific research articles that can shed light on the theme of the study. six articles are included in this study. Results: Based on the findings of the six scientific articles that were selected in this study, we identified six major themes that are of major importance to promote the relation. These six themes are; to create trust, cooperation, coercion, the disorder, being seen and respect, empathy, proximity and distance. Conclusion: It is important that nurses have knowledge about factors that can promote relations with persons who are admitted involuntarily and at same time suffer from schizophrenia. To build trust, focus on a partnership with the person, knowing how the use of coercion and the disorder affects the relation, to see the person behind the disease and show respect, empathy, proximity and distance. Nurses should draw attention to these six identified themes in this study to promote relationship with persons admitted to involuntary treatment who at the same time suffers of schizophrenia

Surface complement C3 fragments and cellular binding of microparticles in patients with SLE

OBJECTIVES: To examine microparticles (MPs) from patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs) by determining the cellular origin of the MPs, quantifying attached fragments of complement component 3 (C3) and assessing the ability of MPs to bind to circulating phagocytes and erythrocytes. These features may be relevant for clearance of MPs in SLE pathogenesis. METHODS: Attached C3 fragments (C3b, iC3b, C3d), membrane integrity and cell surface markers of MPs from 18 patients with SLE and 11 HCs were measured by adding specific antibodies, 7-aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) and annexin V. MPs from all subjects were labelled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and allowed to bind to autologous phagocytes and erythrocytes in the presence of autologous serum, and the binding to individual cell populations was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The proportion of MPs bearing C3 fragments was higher in patients with SLE than in HCs (p=0.026), but the amount of opsonising C3b/iC3b molecules was lower (p=0.004). The C3b/iC3b level correlated with the concentration of circulating C3 (r(s)=0.53, p=0.036). Phagocytes and erythrocytes from patients and HCs bound autologous MPs, and granulocytes from patients bound 13% more MPs than those from HCs (p=0.043). The presence of erythrocytes inhibited the MP binding to granulocytes by approximately 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Our demonstration of altered composition of C3 fragments on MPs from patients with SLE, including decreased numbers of opsonising C3 fragments, and competitive binding of MPs to circulating phagocytes and erythrocytes corroborates the hypothesis of defective clearance of apoptotic material in SLE, and indicates that differences in both MP opsonisation and binding of MPs to cells are important in the pathogenesis of SLE

Filosoffen Cicero & hans værk: De natura deorum

Artiklen behandler Ciceros filosofiske skrift De natura deorum