Role of cervical/vaginal cytology in the diagnosis of cervicitis /vaginitis in a rural setup

Introduction: Vaginal discharge in the reproductive age group is the most common complaint encountered everyday . Among the cases of symptomatic vaginal discharge Bacterial vaginosis is commonest cause followed by candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Multiple infections can also coexist but these three conditions account for majority of all etiologies of abnormal vaginal discharge.Material and methods: There were 100 women recruited for the study between 20-45 years with the objectives to recognize the cytological and microbiological culture manifestations in vaginitis/cervicitis by correlating the cytological findings with diagnostic culture method to confirm the diagnosis. All the patients with signs and symptoms of vaginitis, who attended the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department, were subjected to detailed clinical examination and vaginal smearing with a prior consent, a comprehensive history, general examination and gynecological examinations. After that, the papanicolaou test was done on these patients. Three air dried smears for gram stain, giemsa stain, PAS stain and one wet fixed smear for pap stain was prepared along with a wet mount preparation and sent to the department of pathology immediately Results: The most common organism causing vaginitis was gardnerella vaginalis which causes bacterial vaginosis (20%), next common organism detected was E.coli (16%), the least commonly detected organisms in our setup was candida albicans, S. epidermidis, actinomycetes, and trichomonas vaginalis. The culture method determined the organisms and helped in coming to the accurate diagnosis of the cervical smear and hence it was taken as gold standard. Conclusion: It was concluded that women with inflammation on pap test had a significant decrease in the percentage of the negative culture and increase in the percentage of a positive culture.Thus, the role of cervical or vaginal cytology in the diagnosis of cervicitis/ vaginitis should be considered in the normal treatment protoco

Assessment of disease pattern of lymphadenopathy among patients presenting to Rural tertiary care teaching hospital of western Maharashtra

Background:Lymph nodes are widely distributed and easily accessible lymphoid tissue, which are frequently examined for diagnostic purposes. In the past lymph nodes were the first organs to be sampled by FNA. FNAC is useful before an open biopsy where the patients present with multiple lymph node enlargements. The study intends to find out systematically the various pathological conditions presenting with enlarged lymph nodes and cytomorphological appearance of these conditions in tertiary rural hospital in western Maharashtra.Materials & methods:A total of 247 patients were included in present study. These patients were clinically evaluated and informed consent was obtained for the procedure. Lymph node to be aspirated was first examined thoroughly to determine the site of aspiration. Under aseptic precautions the node was held between the left index finger and thumb, followed by insertion of a 22 or 23 gauge needle fitted to a 10 ml syringe for routine lymph node aspiration. Two smears were immediately fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol and two were air dried. Alcohol fixed and air dried smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain and May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain respectively. Ziehl-Neelsen stain was done for all the cases where necrotic material was aspirated or clinically suspected tuberculosis and HIV. Data regarding relevant radiological, biochemical and haematological investigations done for diagnostic purposes were collected.Histopathological study was done separately and then results of cytological and histopathological study were correlated to evaluate efficacy of the procedure.Results:Age of the patient varied between 1.5 years to 85years. Out of 223 satisfactory smears, 118(47.8 %) constituted benign lesions, 92cases (37.2%) were of metastasis and 13(5.3%) cases were of lymphoma. Out of total non-neoplastic lesion, reactive hyperplasia was seen in 52.5% of cases whereas tubercular lymphadenitis constitutes 22.9% cases. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma commonly involved the submandibular and cervical groups. While, the axillary and supraclavicular nodes showed involvement by metastatic deposits of infiltrating ductal carcinoma in maximum cases. Children and adolescents were commonly involved by chronic nonspecific reactive hyperplasia while metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was seen affecting elderly and older individuals. Conclusion:FNAC is a simple, rapid & accurate diagnostic technique in evaluation of lymphadenopathies. It helps the clinicians to take early decision for management and avoid unnecessary surgery

Entropy Generation and Thermal Radiation Analysis of EMHD Jeffrey Nanofluid Flow: Applications in Solar Energy

This article examines the effects of entropy generation, heat transmission, and mass transfer on the flow of Jeffrey fluid under the influence of solar radiation in the presence of copper nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms, with polyvinyl alcohol–water serving as the base fluid. The impact of source terms such as Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the exponential heat source is analyzed via a nonlinear elongating surface of nonuniform thickness. The development of an efficient numerical model describing the flow and thermal characteristics of a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) installed on a solar plate is underway as the use of solar plates in various devices continues to increase. Governing PDEs are first converted into ODEs using a suitable similarity transformation. The resulting higher-order coupled ODEs are converted into a system of first-order ODEs and then solved using the RK 4th-order method with shooting technique. The remarkable impacts of pertinent parameters such as Deborah number, magnetic field parameter, electric field parameter, Grashof number, solutal Grashof number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, exponential heat source parameter, Lewis number, chemical reaction parameter, bioconvection Lewis number, and Peclet number associated with the flow properties are discussed graphically. The increase in the radiation parameter and volume fraction of the nanoparticles enhances the temperature profile. The Bejan number and entropy generation rate increase with the rise in diffusion parameter and bioconvection diffusion parameter. The novelty of the present work is analyzing the entropy generation and solar radiation effects in the presence of motile gyrotactic microorganisms and copper nanoparticles with polyvinyl alcohol–water as the base fluid under the influence of the source terms, such as viscous dissipation, Ohmic heating, exponential heat source, and chemical reaction of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) Jeffrey fluid flow. The non-Newtonian nanofluids have proven their great potential for heat transfer processes, which have various applications in cooling microchips, solar energy systems, and thermal energy technologies

Computer Simulations of EMHD Casson Nanofluid Flow of Blood through an Irregular Stenotic Permeable Artery: Application of Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li Correlations

A novel analysis of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) non-Newtonian nanofluid blood flow incorporating CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles through a permeable walled diseased artery having irregular stenosis and an aneurysm is analyzed in this paper. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is addressed by the Casson fluid model. The effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids are calculated using the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model, which takes into account the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. The mild stenosis approximation is employed to reduce the bi-directional flow of blood to uni-directional. The blood flow is influenced by an electric field along with a magnetic field perpendicular to the blood flow. The governing mathematical equations are solved using Crank-Nicolson finite difference approach. The model has been developed and validated by comparing the current results to previously published benchmarks that are peculiar to this study. The results are utilized to investigate the impact of physical factors on momentum diffusion and heat transfer. The Nusselt number escalates with increasing CuO nanoparticle diameter and diminishing the diameter of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The relative % variation in Nusselt number enhances with Magnetic number, whereas a declining trend is obtained for the electric field parameter. The present study’s findings may be helpful in the diagnosis of hemodynamic abnormalities and the fields of nano-hemodynamics, nano-pharmacology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and blood purification systems

Thermal analysis of radiated (aluminum oxide)/water through a magnet based geometry subject to Cattaneo-Christov and Corcione’s Models

The study of heat transfer problems is of paramount significance due to their wider spectrum of applications specifically in heat engines, insulation, chemical and thermal engineering etc. The formulation of new model completed via enhanced nanofluid properties and under physical parameters and then in-depth mathematical investigation done via numerical approach and scrutinized the results for preeminent physical parameters. Thermal conductivity estimation under Corcione’s model increased by taking the particles concentration up to φ=0.6% and electrical conductivity diminishes from 0.999001 to 0.994036. Further, the eye bird analysis of the results revealed that the stretching number S1 from 0.1 to 1.3 and α2=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 resists the fluid flow over the surface and the nanofluid movement is slow compared to conventional liquid due to high viscous forces. Keeping the concentration φ% and Ha=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 the velocity G'(η) drops and it rises for increasing S1. Furthermore, the addition of radiative thermal flux (Rd) and internal heating effects (Hg) in the model increase its applicability for high thermal transport applications and is observed maximum for nanofluid. The local thermal rate at the surface could be enhanced by keeping Rd and Hg from 0.0 to 0.8 and minimal rate of heat transport is observed for simple fluid while it is dominant for nanofluid

Numerical investigation of chemically reacting jet flow of hybrid nanofluid under the significances of bio-active mixers and chemical reaction

Jet flows are employed in a variety of applications. It can be found in daily life as well as in agriculture, for example, jet flow assists with irrigation and harvest protection. The current problem is related to the study of energy and mass transference on the hybrid nanoliquid flow with mixed convection effect due to the vertical stretching surface conveying the cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 and titanium dioxide TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with the base fluid water H2O. Further, the role of the chemical reaction, heat source/sink, and activation energy are investigated. By exploiting the idea of the modified Buongiorno model, the thermophoretic and Brownian diffusivity effects have discoursed on the existing flow behavior. The existing mathematical problem is framed with the application of the nonlinear higher-order PDEs. Higher-order PDEs of the mathematical model are changed into highly nonlinear ODEs by using the concepts of suitable similarity transformations. The modified higher-order nonlinear ODEs are cracked by manipulating the bvp4c technique in MATLAB. The impacts of the numerous physical flow parameters on the velocity, energy, and concentration are computed in graphical forms. Key findings from the present problem revealed that the velocity of the nanoliquid and hybrid nanofluid decreased due to greater nanoparticles volume fraction. Furthermore, the heat transportation is greater for mixed convection and thermophoresis parameter

Mixed convective flow of hybrid nanofluid over a heated stretching disk with zero-mass flux using the modified Buongiorno model

In this study, the mixed convective stagnation-point flow of a Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid towards a stretched disc with a convective boundary and zero mass flux condition is described with mass suction and viscous dissipation effects. The process is accomplished by using thermophoretic and Brownian motion physical phenomena. After performing a similarity transformation on the PDEs in order to convert them into an ODE system, the bvp4c solver is then employed in order to carry out a numerical solution. In the study that was described above, the flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics were investigated with the assistance of the Buongiorno model and the Devi and Devi model. The following characteristics were brought up as points of contention: ϕ1,ϕ2,λ,S,Nt,Nb,Le,Ec,Bi and B. There is a very good consonance among the existing and antecedent results in undeniable cases, as well as a connection error of approximately 0%. The velocity and temperature profiles upsurge with the increment of the nanoparticle volume fraction and mixed convection parameter, while the velocity increases with the addition of the suction parameters. As a result of this study, we are able to estimate the flow and thermal behavior of Al2O3-Cu/H2O when the physical parameters are embedded

Investigation of blood flow characteristics saturated by graphene/CuO hybrid nanoparticles under quadratic radiation using VIM: study for expanding/contracting channel

Abstract The importance of heat transfer in nanoliquids cannot avoided because it playing crucial role in the applied research fields. The potential area of applications included but restricted to applied thermal, biomedical, mechanical and chemical engineering. Therefore, it is the need of time to introduce new efficient way to enhance the heat transport rate in common fluids. The major aim of this research is to develop a new heat transport BHNF (Biohybrid Nanofluid Model) model in a channel having expanding/contracting walls up to Newtonian regimes of blood. The two sort of nanomaterials (Graphene + CuO) along with blood as base solvent are taken for the formation of working fluid. After that, the model analyzed via VIM (Variational Iteration Method) to examine the influence of involved physical parameters on the behavior of bionanofluids. The model results revealed that the bionanofluids velocity rises towards the lower and upper channel end when the expanding/contracting of the walls in the range of 0.1–1.6 (expanding case) and $$- \, 0.1$$ - 0.1 to $$1.6$$ 1.6 (contraction case). The working fluid attained high velocity in the neighboring of center portion of the channel. By increasing the walls permeability ( $${A}_{1}=\text{0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4}$$ A 1 = 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 ), the fluid movement can be reduced and optimum decrement observed about $$\eta =0.0$$ η = 0.0 . Further, inclusion of thermal radiation (Rd) and temperature coefficient ( $${\theta }_{r}$$ θ r ) observed good to enhance thermal mechanism in both hybrid and simple bionanofluids. The present ranges of Rd and $${\theta }_{r}$$ θ r considered from $$0.1$$ 0.1 to $$0.9$$ 0.9 and $$0.1$$ 0.1 to $$1.4$$ 1.4 , respectively. Thermal boundary layer reduced in the case of simple bionanoliquid keeping $${P}_{r}=21.0$$ P r = 21.0

CFD analysis of hybrid nanofluid-based microchannel heat sink for electronic chips cooling: Applications in nano-energy thermal devices

The utilize of microchannel in miniature thermal devices and microchannel heat sinks has advanced the scientific method of heat transfer to a new level, and the fields of electronic device cooling, aerospace industries, bioengineering, and materials science are all interested in furthering the technology's advancement. The microchannel has been numerically, practically, and analytically evaluated for the past three decades in order to develop models of hydraulic and heat efficiency during flowing fluid. Microchannel heat sink and novel fluids such as nanofluids are becoming well-liked. In order to recent time the full potential hybrid nanofluid in thermal exchanger has not yet been demoralized. In order to fulfill the lack of sufficient modeling data in this advanced research, the purpose of this analysis is to scrutinize computational thermal transportation features of alumina nitride (AIN)-alumina oxide (Al2O3) –Water hybrid nanofluid through electronic chip in six circular microchannel heat sinks. The simulation procedure is performed with volume fraction in range of 1% to 4%. The effects of coefficient of heat transfer, Nusselt number, Darcy friction factor, pressure drop and thermal resistance has been investigated. The single phase, laminar, incompressible and steady-state fluid flow has been numerically solved by the finite volume method with Computational Fluid Dynamic commercial software ANSYS FLUENT (R19.2) and SIMPLE algorithm

Numerical study of thermal enhancement in ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant over a spherical magnetized surface influenced by Newtonian heating and thermal radiation

Applications: Thermal conductivity of nanomaterials potentially contributes in heat transport applications. Due to heat absorbing and cooling characteristics, nanoparticles broadly use in environmental engineering, solar plates, computational chemistry, chemical engineering and thermal engineering etc. Thus, it is substantial to identify the nanomaterials with effective heat generating or absorbing properties which have variety of applications in mechanical engineering. Purpose: and Methodology: The main focus of this study are to introduce a nanofluid model using ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant under additional effects of solar thermal radiations, magnetic field and resistive heating. This parametric study will help to maintain the temperature under various ranges of physical parameters which has broad applications in many engineering disciplines. The achieved model analyzed through numerical approach and comprehensive analysis provided in the view of furnished results. Major findings: Investigation of the results provided that the heat transport is maximize using ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant while; conventional SAE50 is not good to achieve desired heat transfer rate. Solar thermal radiations and dissipation effects positively act on the temperature role of ZnO-SAE50