61 research outputs found
Synchrotron Radiation as the Source of GRB Spectra, Part I: Theory
We investigate synchrotron emission models as the source of gamma ray burst
spectra. We show that allowing for synchrotron self absorption and a ``smooth
cutoff'' to the electron energy distribution produces a wide range of low
energy spectral behavior. We show that there exists a correlation between the
value of the peak of the spectrum, , and the low energy
spectral index as determined by spectral fits over a finite bandwidth.
Finally, we discuss the implications of synchrotron emission from internal
shocks for GRB spectral evolution.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the 5th Huntsville Symposium on Gamma
Ray Burst
On the Kinetic Energy and Radiative Efficiency of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Using measured X-ray luminosities to 17 Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) during the
afterglow phase and accounting for radiative losses, we calculate the kinetic
energy of these bursts and investigate its relation to other GRB properties. We
then use the observed radiated energy during the prompt phase to determine the
radiative efficiency of these bursts, and explore how the efficiency relates to
other GRB observables. We find that the kinetic energy in the afterglow phase
is directly correlated with the radiated energy, total energy as well as
possibly the jet opening angle and spectral peak energy. More importantly, we
find the intriguing fact that the efficiency is correlated with the radiated
energy, and mildly with the total energy, jet opening angle and spectral peak
energy. XRF020903 also seems to follow the trends we find for our GRB sample.
We discuss the implications of these results for the GRB radiation and jet
models.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures; Revised version, accepted to Ap
On the Structure of Quasi-Universal Jets for Gamma-Ray Bursts
The idea that GRBs originate from uniform jets has been used to explain
numerous observations of breaks in the GRB afterglow lightcurves. We explore
the possibility that GRBs instead originate from a structured jet that may be
quasi-universal, where the variation in the observed properties of GRBs is due
to the variation in the observer viewing angle. We test how various models
reproduce the jet data of Bloom, Frail, & Kulkarni (2003), which show a
negative correlation between the isotropic energy output and the inferred jet
opening angle (in a uniform jet configuration). We find, consistent with
previous studies, that a power-law structure for the jet energy as a function
of angle gives a good description. However, a Gaussian jet structure can also
reproduce the data well, particularly if the parameters of the Gaussian are
allowed some scatter. We place limits on the scatter of the parameters in both
the Gaussian and power-law models needed to reproduce the data, and discuss how
future observations will better distinguish between these models for the GRB
jet structure. In particular, the Gaussian model predicts a turnover at small
opening angles and in some cases a sharp cutoff at large angles, the former of
which may already have been observed. We also discuss the predictions each
model makes for the observed luminosity function of GRBs and compare these
predictions with the existing data.Comment: 13 pages, including 10 figures; To appear in Ap
Towards an Understanding of GRB Prompt Emission
We discuss the prompt emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts in different spectral
energy bands. First, we suggest that a three-part synchrotron emission model is
a good description of the ~20 keV - 1 MeV gamma-ray emission of GRBs. We show
that this model provides excellent fits to the data and naturally explains the
observed global correlations between spectral parameters. In particular, we
show there exists a negative correlation between between the peak of the nu-Fnu
spectrum, Ep, and the low energy photon index \alpha for bursts with -2/3 <
\alpha < 0, and suggest that this correlation is due to the mechanism
responsible for producing \alpha's above the value of -2/3 - namely, a
decreasing mean pitch angle of the electrons. We then discuss the physical
origin of the increasing number of GRBs that are observed to peak in the X-ray
energy band (~5-40 keV). Although either a cosmological (i.e. high redshift) or
intrinsic interpretation for the low values of Ep is viable at this point, the
data appear to suggest that intrinsic effects are playing the dominant role.
Finally, we briefly comment on the prompt GRB optical emission (~ eV) and very
high energy emission (>10 MeV), and how these spectral bands may be used to
place additional constraints on the physics of gamma-ray bursts.Comment: Invited talk at the 2001 Woodshole meeting,"Gamma-Ray Bursts and
Afterglow Astronomy"; 8 pages including 8 postscript figure
Synchrotron Emission as the Source of GRB Spectra, Part II: Observations
We test the models of synchrotron emission presented in Part I of this series
(Lloyd & Petrosian, these proceedings) against the distributions and evolution
of GRB spectral parameters (particularly the low energy index, ). With
knowledge of the distribution and the correlation between and
presented in Part I, we show how to derive the expected distribution of
from fits to optically thin synchrotron spectra, and compare this with
the observed distribution. We show that there is no difficulty explaining
bursts below the ``line of death'', , and that these bursts
indicate that the spectrum of accelerated electrons must flatten or decline at
low energies. Bursts with low energy spectral indices that fall above this
limit are explained by the synchrotron self-absorption frequency entering the
lower end of the BATSE window. Finally, we discuss a variety of spectral
evolution behavior seen in GRBs and explain this behavior in the context of
synchrotron emission from internal shocks.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of the 5th Huntsville Symposium on Gamma
Ray Burst
- …