Opções de movimentos na rotação da ginástica

Quando um ginasta executa um mortal, o momento linear e angular, juntamente com determinado controle de inércia durante a fase de voo, restringem as possibilidades de ação. Devido à complexidade e à natureza dinâmica do sistema do movimento humano, pode-se argumentar que existe determinada quantidade de estados coordenativos estáveis quando se executa mortais. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar a multiplicidade de opções de movimento e estados coordenativos, juntamente com os seus parâmetros de diferenciação para um único mortal na ginástica, com base em um modelo matemático simples que reflita o comportamento da rotação do ginasta durante a fase de voo. Os parâmetros biomecânicos que determinam o comportamento da rotação durante um mortal variam sistematicamente em relação a determinado conjunto de restrições biomecânicas que definem a execução bem sucedida do mortal. Simulações em série revelaram que, a partir de 10229760 ciclos de simulação, somente 655346 (aproximadamente 6,41%) levaram ao desempenho bem sucedido do mortal. Uma análise subsequente da perspectiva de movimento para o momento angular ótimo revelou 10 estados de coordenação para um único mortal que poderiam ser claramente distinguidos com base nos parâmetros de simulação. Considerados os resultados em conjunto, torna-se evidente que seria mais aconselhável realizar um único mortal com momento de inércia maior quando se atinge a posição grupada, duração mais longa para atingir a posição grupada, duração mais longa da posição grupada, e um momento de inércia intermediário durante a aterrissagem. Essa estratégia compreende a maior quantidade de opções de movimento associados a uma aterrissagem na posição ereta e, assim, a maior probabilidade de sucesso quando se realiza um único mortal.When a gymnast performs a somersault, the linear and angular momentum along with a particular control of inertia during the flight phase constrain the possibilities for action. Given the complexity and dynamic nature of the human moving system, one could argue that there exist a particular amount of stable coordination states when performing somersaults. The goal of this study was to explore the manifold of movement options and coordination states along with their differentiating parameters for a single somersault in gymnastics based on a simple mathematical model reflecting gymnast’s rotation behavior during the flight phase. Biomechanical parameters determining rotation behavior during a somersault were systematically varied with regard to a particular set of biomechanical constraints defining a successful somersault performance. Batch simulations revealed that from 10229760 simulation cycles only 655346 (approximately 6.41%) led to successful somersault performance. A subsequent analysis of the movement option landscape for the optimum angular momentum revealed ten coordination states for a single somersault that could be clearly distinguished based on the simulation parameters. Taken the results together, it becomes apparent that it may be most advisable to perform a single somersault with a larger moment of inertia when achieving the tucked position, a longer duration to achieve the tucked position, a longer duration of staying tucked, and an intermediate moment of inertia during landing. This strategy comprises the largest amount of movement options associated with an upright landing and thus the highest probability of success when performing a single somersault

Funktionen der c-Jun N-terminalen Kinasen in der permanenten cerebralen Ischämie der adulten Maus

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Funktionen der c-Jun N-terminalen Kina-sen (JNK) beim ischämischen Hirninfarkt. Die Experimente erfolgten an knockout-Mäusen, in denen je eine oder zwei der drei vorkommenden JNK Isoformen genetisch inaktiviert wur-den (JNK1 ko, JNK2 ko, JNK3 ko, JNK2/3 ko), sowie an einem Tierstamm mit einer c-Jun-Mutation, in der die Aminosäuren Serin an den Positionen 63 und 73 durch Alanin ersetzt wurden (c-JunAA). Als Kontrolle dienten genetisch verwandte Wildtypen (WT). Als Ver-suchsmodell wurde die permanente, fokale cerebrale Ischämie (pMCAO) angewendet. Dabei wird operativ die Schädeldecke der Maus eröffnet und die Endstrecke der linken A. cerebri media verschlossen. Nach 72 Stunden erfolgte die transkardiale Perfusion für morphologische und immunhistochemische Untersuchungen, nach 24 Stunden die Gewebeentnahme für We-stern Blot Untersuchungen. Es wurde untersucht, welche Auswirkungen die Inaktivierung der JNK-Gene auf die Infarktgröße, die N-terminale Phosphorylierung von c-Jun und auf die Aktivierung der Mi-kroglia hat. Außerdem wurde mittels Western Blotting der Anteil der JNK Isoformen am Ge-samt-JNK-Pool im Bereich der Infarktkernregion, dem Infarktrandgebiet und dem kontralate-ralen Kortex vor und 24 Stunden nach pMCAO untersucht. Bei der JNK1 knockout Gruppe war im Vergleich zu den Wildtypen das Infarktvolu-men um 50 % signifikant erhöht. Bei den anderen Gruppen ergab sich für diesen Parameter kein signifikanter Unterschied. Die Western Blot Untersuchungen zeigten, dass unter basalen Bedingungen der Hauptanteil an phosphoryliertem JNK von JNK1 und der Hauptanteil an unphosphoryliertem JNK von JNK2 gebildet werden. Nach Ischämie kam es zu einer Zunah-me der JNK-Phosphorylierung v.a. in der Infarktkernregion. Die Expression von JNK und die N-terminale Phosphorylierung von c-Jun wurden durch den JNK knockout nicht verändert. Die Anzahl von ED1-positiven Zellen als Marker der Mikroglia-Aktivierung war in JNK1 und JNK3 knockout Mäusen signifikant vermindert. Diese Studie erbrachte Hinweise auf eine neuroprotektive Funktion von JNK1 nach cerebraler Ischämie, sowie für eine Rolle von JNK1 und JNK3 für die Mikroglia-Aktivierung

Sea ice mass balance buoys during MOSAiC in the context of long-term buoy data in the Transpolar Drift system

Presentation of SIMBA buoy ice & snow thickness retrievals (first preliminary version for Arctic PASSION) in relation to the MOSAiC drift experiment in 2019/2020. Part of the session on "MOSAiC Observations in the Context of Historical Data" during the 2nd MOSAiC Science conference in Boulder, Colorado, US (February 13-17, 2023)

Biobased value chains for a growing bioeconomy

This special issue covers three important fields of the bioeconomy: sustainable biogas value chains, bio‐based products from lignocellulose, and the use of microalgae as a biomass resource and for the production of food and feed. In order to develop sustainable products and processes, an interdisciplinary systemic approach to the analysis of entire value chains is necessary. For this reason, the contributions cover aspects of the complete biobased value chain from biomass production, pretreatment, and conversion, through to the manufacture and marketing of biobased products, and in addition, include socio‐economic and ecological assessments

Sequence-Independent Cloning and Post-Translational Modification of Repetitive Protein Polymers through Sortase and Sfp-Mediated Enzymatic Ligation

Repetitive protein-based polymers are important for many applications in biotechnology and biomaterials development. Here we describe the sequential additive ligation of highly repetitive DNA sequences, their assembly into genes encoding protein-polymers with precisely tunable lengths and compositions, and their end-specific post-translational modification with organic dyes and fluorescent protein domains. Our new Golden Gate-based cloning approach relies on incorporation of only type IIS BsaI restriction enzyme recognition sites using PCR, which allowed us to install ybbR-peptide tags, Sortase c-tags, and cysteine residues onto either end of the repetitive gene polymers without leaving residual cloning scars. The assembled genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using inverse transition cycling (ITC). Characterization by cloud point spectrophotometry, and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with fluorescence detection confirmed successful phosphopantetheinyl transferase (Sfp)-mediated post-translational N-terminal labeling of the protein-polymers with a coenzyme A-647 dye (CoA-647) and simultaneous sortase-mediated C-terminal labeling with a GFP domain containing an N-terminal GG-motif in a one-pot reaction. In a further demonstration, we installed an N-terminal cysteine residue into an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) that was subsequently conjugated to a single chain poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide (PEG-maleimide) synthetic polymer, noticeably shifting the ELP cloud point. The ability to straightforwardly assemble repetitive DNA sequences encoding ELPs of precisely tunable length and to post-translationally modify them specifically at the N- and C- termini provides a versatile platform for the design and production of multifunctional smart protein-polymeric materials

Comparative investigation on the value-added products obtained from continuous and batch hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) can be considered a promising route for the energy valorisation of waste sewage sludge (SS). However, not much information is available on continuous flow processing. In this study, the mixed SS was subjected to HTL at 350°C for 8 min in a continuous reactor with loadings of 10 wt% in the feed flow. The results show that the mass recovery reached 88%, with a biocrude yield of 30.8 wt% (3.9 wt% N content). The recovered biocrude yields are highly dependent on the selection of the recovery solvent for extraction, and dichloromethane can contribute an additional 3.1 wt% biocrude from aqueous phase, acetone can extract some pyrrole derivatives into the trapped phases. Comparable results were also achieved by performing batch reactions under the same conditions: a slightly higher biocrude yield (33.1 wt%) with an N content of 4.3 wt%. The higher N content observed in the biocrude from the batch process indicates that interactions and chelation between intermediates are enhanced during heating up and cooling period, which lead to more N-containing compounds

Hydrothermal, catalyst-free production of a cyclic dipeptide from lysine

The formation of cyclic dipeptides, 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKP), from lysine in aqueous solution was investigated at hydrothermal conditions (250 to 350 °C) without the addition of catalyst. The products obtained were analyzed by GC–MS combined with extensive $^{1}$H,$^{13}$C NMR analysis, after purification via preparative chromatography. The main product of the conversion of lysine, octahydrodipyrido[1,2-a:1\u27,2\u27-d]pyrazine-6,12(2H,6aH)-dione, was successfully isolated and identified. The purification/separation protocol is rapid, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient with excellent selectivity (81 wt%) in the oils obtained from the conversion of lysine at 300 °C. Performing the conversion step at higher temperatures or lysine concentrations led to the formation of complicated side products. Based on the evolution of key compounds during hydrothermal conversion of lysine, we propose a tentative mechanism for the formation of diketopiperazine. The technique presented in this work provides a novel catalyst-free pathway for the synthesis of DKP

Aldehydes and ketones in pyrolysis oil: analytical determination and their role in the aging process

Aldehydes and ketones are known to play a role in the aging process of pyrolysis oil and generally, aldehydes are known for their high reactivity. In order to discern in pyrolysis oil the total aldehyde concentration from that of the ketones, a procedure for the quantification of aldehydes by $^{1}$H-NMR was developed. Its capability is demonstrated with a hardwood pyrolysis oil at different stages of the aging process. It was treated by the Accelerated Aging Test at 80 °C for durations of up to 48 h. The aldehyde concentration was complemented by the total concentration of carbonyls, quantified by carbonyl titration. The measurements show, that the examined hardwood pyrolysis oil contained 0.31–0.40 mmol g$^{-1}$ aldehydes and 4.36–4.45 mmol g$^{-1}$ ketones. During the first 24 h, the aldehyde concentration declined by 23–39% and the ketone concentration by 9%. The rate of decline of aldehyde concentration slows down within 24 h but is still measureable. In contrast, the total carbonyl content does not change significantly after an initial decline within the first 4 h. Changes for vinylic, acetalic, phenolic and hydroxyl protons and for protons in the α-position to hydroxy, ether, acetalic and ester groups were detected, by $^{1}$H-NMR. In the context of characterizing pyrolysis oil and monitoring the aging process, $^{1}$H-NMR is a reliable tool to assess the total concentration of aldehydes. It confirms the reactivity of aldehydes and ketones and indicates their contribution to the instability of pyrolysis oil

Sector coupling established by the technology partnership reFuels - rethinking fuels

The use of regeneratively produced fuels (reFuels) is a promising path towards CO2-neutral mobility, alongside other measures such as the expansion of electric mobility. These fuels can be produced from carbon-containing residues from agriculture and forestry, from industrial and municipal waste, as well as from CO2 in combination with hydrogen obtained by electrolysis of water. These fuels together form the reFuels class. In order to assess the potential of reFuels, a holistic evaluation is necessary, including the determination of efficiency potentials for their manufacture and application. Under the patronage of the state of Baden-Württemberg the technology partnership reFuels was initiated, in which companies of the energy and mineral oil industry, the automotive industry and the supplier industry together with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) are investigating efficiency potentials for the production and application of reFuels. Pilot facilities already in operation will be used to produce fuel components in a sufficient scale. The systemic and socioeconomic aspects for the production and application of reFuels will be considered and put in an dialogue with civil society actors to consider the open communication into society.. Within the reFuels project started in 2019 for 2 years duration the consortium of industrial companies and KIT including companies as energy providers, fuels synthesis to suppliers, system developers to engine and car manufacturers. The Project shall achieve the following goals: 1. Provision of selected regenerative fuels ("reFuels") and holistic evaluation of the processes for their production including the determination of efficiency potentials for production and application 2. Evaluation of reFuels key properties, demonstration in the application and evaluation of the application properties 3. Involvement of civil society actors and communication in society