Seguridad humana en Soacha desde la percepción local. Análisis del impacto de los proyectos de la FAO y el PNUD

The research wants to focus on the concept of human security through a qualitative analysis of the impact of some prjects developed by the Food and Agricolture Organization and United Nations Developemnt Pogramme in Soacha. The place represents an interesting case study for its particular situation. Indeed, this commune on the one hand still lives histirical issues such as extreme poverty, inequality, accumulation of land and displacement, and on the other hand represents a paradoxical union between precarious and developed realities. The study uses a qualitative technique divided in two sections. The first one is built on semistructured individual intervews with the project’s coordinators that examine the main issues with their implementation, while the other one is based on surveys with the local community that analyze the perception of the population of Soacha on human security. Regarding this part, the survey, composed by a preamble and eight questions, has been completed by 120 people. The results evidence that the population consider that there has been a slight increase in the human security during the last five years. However, the outcomes reveal also the persistence of structural issues, which perpuate the human insecurityEl artículo parte de la concepción de la seguridad humana, que resume, y analiza proyectos desarrollados en Soacha por dos organismos especializados de NNUU, FAO y PNUD. El caso de Soacha ha sido elegido por representar un contexto único. La Comuna de Soacha vive una paradoja por la cual reúne en un mismo lugar los problemas históricos y emergentes de Colombia. La precariedad asociada a las zonas rurales del país (desigualdad, concentración de la tierra, extrema pobreza, desplazamientos forzados) se junta en Soacha con la mirada puesta en el futuro que representa la colindante Bogotá. El estudio usa un enfoque cualitativo que se articula en dos partes. Por un lado, se llevan a cabo entrevistas personales semiestructuradas con los coordinadores de los proyectos, para averiguar cuáles son los obstáculos que los proyectos enfrentan en su implementación, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Por otro lado, se realizan encuestas a 120 personas, consistentes en un preámbulo y ocho preguntas, en las cuales se recopila información sobre la percepción de la población sobre el estado de la seguridad humana en su territorio. Los resultados muestran que la población considera que se ha producido una ligera mejora en la seguridad humana en los últimos cinco años. Sin embargo, los resultados también evidencian la persistencia de muchos de los problemas estructurales que perpetúan la inseguridad human

Experimental demonstration of near-infrared epsilon-near-zero multilayer metamaterial slabs

Near-infrared epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterial slabs based on silver-germanium (Ag-Ge) multilayers are experimentally demonstrated. Transmission, reflection and absorption spectra are characterized and used to determine the complex refractive indices and the effective permittivities of the ENZ metamaterial slabs, which match the results obtained from both the numerical simulations and the optical nonlocalities analysis. A rapid post-annealing process is used to reduce the collision frequency of silver and therefore decrease the optical absorption loss of multilayer metamaterial slabs. Furthermore, multilayer grating structures are studied to enhance the optical transmission and also tune the location of ENZ wavelength. The demonstrated near-infrared ENZ multilayer metamaterial slabs are important for realizing many exotic applications, such as phase front shaping and engineering of photonic density of states.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Versatile lithium fluoride thin-film solid-state detectors for nanoscale radiation imaging

Point defects in insulating materials are successfully used for radiation detectors. Among them, colour centres in lithium fluoride (LiF) are well known for application in dosimeters and in light-emitting devices and lasers. LiF thin-film detectors for extreme ultraviolet radiation, soft and hard X-rays, based on photoluminescence from aggregate electronic defects, are currently under development for imaging application with laboratory radiation sources, e.g. laser-driven plasma sources and conventional X-ray tubes, as well as large-scale facilities, e.g. synchrotrons and free-electron lasers. Among the peculiarities of these detectors, noteworthy ones are the very high intrinsic spatial resolution ( 1 cm2) and the wide dynamic range. Moreover, they are insensitive to ambient light and no development process is needed. The latent images stored in the LiF thin layer can be read with fluorescence optical microscopy techniques. These detectors prove to be highly versatile, as LiF is sensitive to almost any kind of radiation, including charged particles and neutrons, and can be grown in the form of polycrystalline thin films, whose photoluminescence response can be tailored trough the control of the growth conditions

SUCESSÃO DE LIDERANÇAS: A IMPORTÂNCIA DE PREPARAR SUCESSORES PARA SEUS LÍDERES

O objetivo com este estudo foi verificar se as empresas desenvolvem programas estruturados para a preparação de sucessão de suas lideranças e de que forma o departamento de recursos humanos participa desse processo. O estudo caracteriza-se pela abordagem exploratória e descritiva. Foram adotadas as perspectivas da pesquisa qualitativa, com a aplicação de questionário semiestruturado a sete profissionais de Recursos Humanos de empresas da região de Joaçaba e Xanxerê, SC. Para tratamento e análise dos dados, utilizou-se o software de análise qualitativo Atlas TI. Os resultados apontaram que apenas duas das sete empresas pesquisadas têm algum processo de sucessão de liderança implantado ou em desenvolvimento. As demais reconhecem a importância desse processo e, também, da participação do RH como gestor no processo de sucessão, mas não desenvolvem programas específicos.Palavras-chave: Sucessão. Lideranças. Recursos Humanos

VUV-Vis optical characterization of Tetraphenyl-butadiene films on glass and specular reflector substrates from room to liquid Argon temperature

The use of efficient wavelength-shifters from the vacuum-ultraviolet to the photosensor's range of sensitivity is a key feature in detectors for Dark Matter search and neutrino physics based on liquid argon scintillation detection. Thin film of Tetraphenyl-butadiene (TPB) deposited onto the surface delimiting the active volume of the detector and/or onto the photosensor optical window is the most common solution in current and planned experiments. Detector design and response can be evaluated and correctly simulated only when the properties of the optical system in use (TPB film + substrate) are fully understood. Characterization of the optical system requires specific, sometimes sophisticated optical methodologies. In this paper the main features of TPB coatings on different, commonly used substrates is reported, as a result of two independent campaigns of measurements at the specialized optical metrology labs of ENEA and University of Tor Vergata. Measured features include TPB emission spectra with lineshape and relative intensity variation recorded as a function of the film thickness and for the first time down to LAr temperature, as well as optical reflectance and transmittance spectra of the TPB coated substrates in the wavelength range of the TPB emission

The study of viscoelastic behavior of blood vessels

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Confocal fluorescence microscopy and confocal raman microspectroscopy of X-ray irradiated LIF crystals

Radiation-induced color centers locally produced in lithium fluoride (LiF) are successfully used for radiation detectors. LiF detectors for extreme ultraviolet radiation, soft and hard X-rays, based on photoluminescence from aggregate electronic defects, are currently under development for imaging applications with laboratory radiation sources, as well as large-scale facilities. Among the peculiarities of LiF-based detectors, noteworthy ones are their very high intrinsic spatial resolution across a large field of view, wide dynamic range, and versatility. LiF crystals irradiated with a monochromatic 8 keV X-ray beam at KIT synchrotron light source (Karlsruhe, Germany) and with the broadband white beam spectrum of the synchrotron bending magnet have been investigated by optical spectroscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy in fluorescence mode, and confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. The 3D reconstruction of the distributions of the color centers induced by the X-rays has been performed with both confocal techniques. The combination of the LiF crystal capability to register volumetric X-ray mapping with the optical sectioning operations of the confocal techniques has allowed performing 3D reconstructions of the X-ray colored volumes and it could provide advanced tools for 3D X-ray detection

Photoluminescence of radiation-induced color centers in lithium fluoride thin films for advanced diagnostics of proton beams

Systematic irradiation of thermally evaporated 0.8 μm thick polycrystalline lithium fluoride films on glass was performed by proton beams of 3 and 7 MeV energies, produced by a linear accelerator, in a fluence range from 1011 to 1015 protons/cm2. The visible photoluminescence spectra of radiation-induced F2 and F3+ laser active color centers, which possess almost overlapping absorption bands at about 450 nm, were measured under laser pumping at 458 nm. On the basis of simulations of the linear energy transfer with proton penetration depth in LiF, it was possible to obtain the behavior of the measured integrated photoluminescence intensity of proton irradiated LiF films as a function of the deposited dose. The photoluminescence signal is linearly dependent on the deposited dose in the interval from 103 to about 106 Gy, independently from the used proton energies. This behavior is very encouraging for the development of advanced solid state radiation detectors based on optically transparent LiF thin films for proton beam diagnostics and two-dimensional dose mapping

Advanced spectroscopic investigation of colour centres in LiF crystals irradiated with monochromatic hard x-rays

Nominally-pure lithium fluoride (LiF) crystals were irradiated with monochromatic hard x-rays of energy 5, 7, 9 and 12 keV at the METROLOGIE beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron facility, in order to understand the role of the selected x-ray energy on their visible photoluminescence (PL) response, which is used for high spatial resolution 2D x-ray imaging detectors characterized by a wide dynamic range. At the energies of 7 and 12 keV the irradiations were performed at five different doses corresponding to five uniformly irradiated areas, while at 5 and 9 keV only two irradiations at two different doses were carried out. The doses were planned in a range between 4 and 1.4 × 103 Gy (10.5 mJ cm−3 to 3.7 J cm−3), depending on the x-ray energy. After irradiation at the energies of 7 and 12 keV, the spectrally-integrated visible PL intensity of the F2 and F3+ colour centres (CCs) generated in the LiF crystals, carefully measured by fluorescence microscopy under blue excitation, exhibits a linear dependence on the irradiation dose in the investigated dose range. This linear behaviour was confirmed by the optical absorption spectra of the irradiated spots, which shows a similar linear behaviour for both the F2 and F3+ CCs, as derived from their overlapping absorption band at around 450 nm. At the highest x-ray energy, the average concentrations of the radiation-induced F, F2 and F3+ CCs were also estimated. The volume distributions of F2 defects in the crystals irradiated with 5 and 9 keV x-rays were reconstructed in 3D by measuring their PL signal using a confocal laser scanning microscope operating in fluorescence mode. On-going investigations are focusing on the results obtained through this z-scanning technique to explore the potential impact of absorption effects at the excitation laser wavelength