PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP, DAN PERILAKU MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMAHAMAN MEMILIH OBAT YANG AMAN DI KECAMATAN TAJINAN KABUPATEN MALANG

Tingkat kesehatan di Indonesia dapat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat kesadaran masyarakat dan dapat diatasi dengan perubahan perilaku masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku masyarakat dalam pemahaman memilih obat yang aman di Desa Pandanmulyo, Desa Jatisari, Desa Tangkilsari di Kecamatan Tajinan, Kabupaten Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Teknik penelitian ini adalah dengan membagikan kuisioner kepada 300 responden pada tiga Desa yang terdiri dari kuisioner pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku dalam pemahaman memilih obat yang aman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Desa Pandanmulyo diperoleh persentase pengetahuan sebesar 65% dengan kriteria baik, persentase sikap sebesar 75% dengan kriteria cukup, dan persentase perilaku sebesar 69% dengan kriteria buruk. Di Desa Jatisari diperoleh persentase pengetahuan sebesar 79% dengan kriteria kurang, persentase sikap sebesar 81% dengan kriteria cukup, dan persentase perilaku sebesar 56% dengan kriteria baik. Di Desa Tangkilsari diperoleh persentase pengetahuan sebesar 67% dengan kriteria baik, persentase sikap sebesar 51% dengan kriteria baik, dan persentase perilaku sebesar 91% dengan kriteria buruk. Berdasarkan perhitungan rata-rata dari tiga desa diperoleh hasil tertinggi sebanyak 61% dengan kriteria tinggi

The human right to medicines in sub-Saharan Africa

The sub-Saharan African people experience the greatest burden of disease in the world although medicines exist that can treat the majority of the illnesses afflicting them. In fact, many essential medicines are not accessible for most of the people in the region. While the lack of resources is apparently a major impediment for access to medicines, man-made deliberations are also consequential, and can to some extent be influenced by regulation. The research question of this thesis therefore is: “can a human right to medicines be utilised to solve the problem of access to medicines in sub-Saharan Africa?”. In effect, in the last decade the notion of an international human right to medicines has started to develop in the human rights law and literature, prescribing that ultimately all individuals shall have access to medicines. This work contributes to the international human rights law doctrine by studying this area of the law, which is still largely uncharted. The thesis, furthermore, moves from a descriptive analysis of the law and undertakes a critical normative enquiry, underscoring the challenges of utilising human rights law to guide and redress access to medicines in sub-Saharan Africa. In effect, the contingencies of access to medicines within complex health systems make it practically difficult to identify the appropriate arrangement of access to medicines in a country. Moreover, policies and regulation for access to medicines can be morally questionable if conflicting with individuals’ legitimate rights, interests, needs and liberties. The relevance and merits of my arguments are grounded on different instances of critical-analytical research. I will use in particular interdisciplinary and empirical research on access to medicines, including a two-month field work in Tanzania, as well as the theoretical insights drawn from Luhmann’s social systems theory and Foucault’s theory of biopower. Therefore the thesis provides an ethical analysis of the potential operationalisation and implementation of the human right to medicines in sub-Saharan Africa. This analysis is also a case-study intervention to the debates concerning more generally health care, public health, development and human rights in the region. Moreover, the thesis contributes to socio-legal studies identifying the phenomena of autopoiesis, contingency, power and the limits of steering affecting human rights, law and politics

Tourism competitiveness among brazilian regions

O turismo é uma atividade econômica com grande destaque a nível global. Além de ser chave para o desenvolvimento econômico, é também responsável por grande parte da criação de empregos em todo o mundo. A elaboração de estratégias para este setor está intimamente ligada ao estudo da competitividade turística, sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise do desempenho e da competitividade turística entre as regiões brasileiras por principais mercados emissores. Para tanto, utilizou-se da relação entre os conceitos de turismo, destino turístico e competitividade turística. Foi utilizado o instrumento de Análise da Quota de Mercado, desenvolvido por Faulkner (1997) e a Dissemelhança para melhor avaliar a disparidade entre os destinos nos principais mercados emissores. Para tal, utilizaram-se os dados das chegadas mensais por vias de acesso para o período de 2011 a 2015. Os resultados evidenciam que as regiões apresentam diferentes índices de competitividade para as suas diversas origens, concluindo assim que os destinos turísticos brasileiros diferem-se entre si e possuem níveis competitivos distintos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

FROM IN VITRO STUDIES TO A LARGE ANIMAL MODEL: A MULTISTEP DISSECTION ON THE FUTURE ROLE OF ADIPOSE-DERIVED STEM CELLS FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL TISSUE ENGINEERING.

Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field, born with the purpose to provide an alternative solution for the regeneration of lesioned or lost tissues, combining cells, biocompatible scaffolds and bioactive factors. The cells for this approach should be non-immunoreactive and non-tumorigenic. Moreover, they should be available in large amount and possess, or be able to acquire, a specific protein expression pattern similar to that of the damaged tissue and/or act as a pool of trophic factors for resident cells. All these reasons, make mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) good candidates for applications in regenerative medicine. Although bone marrow is still the most common source of MSCs, these cells could be harvested from all vascularised tissues, and, interestingly, from tissues that are normally discarded, such as fat, placenta or umbilical cord. One of the most convenient source of MSCs, is unequivocally, the adipose tissue due to the easily accessible anatomical location and the abundance of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are similar to MSCs isolated from bone marrow in morphology, immunophenotype, and differentiation ability, and own interesting features such as immunoregolatory and anti-inflammatory properties. In the recent years, many strategies for the cure of musculoskeletal tissues critical lesions, mainly in orthopaedic, oral and maxillo-facial surgery, have been under investigations. In this contest, the regeneration of structures including different tissues, such as the periodontium and the osteochondral unit, are particularly challenging. Periodontal regeneration is especially demanding, as it requires regeneration of three quite diverse and unique tissues such as the alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament and the cementum, that have to interface with each other to restore their complex structure. Since the promising results obtained with ASCs in preclinical studies of periodontal diseases arouse the curiosity of maxillofacial and dental surgeons, we decided to identify a novel source of ASCs, i.e, the buccal fat pad, convenient for these specialists. For this purpose, we studied human adipose derived-stem cells from buccal fat pad (BFP-ASCs), comparing them with cells from the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SC-ASCs) of the same donor (n=2). In parallel, considering the need for preclinical studies in which the effect of allogenic cells should be tested, and swine as an accepted animal model in tissue engineering applications, we also characterized porcine cells (n=6). With preclinical and clinical application prospective, we also investigated ASC interactions with oral tissues, natural and synthetic scaffolds and Amelogenin, an oral bioactive molecule. First of all, we showed that it is feasible to isolate ASCs even starting from very limited amounts of tissue (0,5 ml) and that the cellular yield is influenced by species, but not by the site of harvesting (1.1x105\ub11.4x104 human BFP-ASCs/ml and 1.15x105\ub17.1x103 human SC-ASCs/ml; 3.0x104\ub19.3x103 porcine BFP-ASCs/ml and 5.5x104\ub13.3x104 porcine SC-ASCs/ml). Despite the lower yield, the pASCs great proliferation rate allows to obtain high number of cells (potentially, 108 - 109) after few (3, 4) passages in culture. After the isolation, a great amount of cells deriving from all the tissues, adhered to cell culture plates showing the MSC fibroblast like morphology, with only mild shape differences constituted by the higher elongation and dimension of human SC-ASCs. Moreover, all the cells are easily expandable and showed good clonogenic ability at early passages. Cells of the same species, from both the harvesting site, displayed the same surface markers profile, that, in particular for human ASCs, was the typical one of hMSC (CD90+, CD105+, CD73+, CD14-, CD31-, and CD34-). Human and porcine BFP-ASCs, as SC-ASCs, are multipotent; indeed, when induced towards osteogenic and adipogenic lineages, they up-regulated significantly ALP activity, collagen and calcified extracellular matrix deposition and lipid vacuoles productions, respectively, already after 14 days of differentiation in vitro. Next, since cell/scaffold interaction is fundamental for the outcome of a tissue engineering approach, in sight of a preclinical study, we combined porcine BFP and SC-ASCs to both clinical grade (titanium) and innovative [silicon carbide\u2013plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (SIC-PECVD)] biomaterials, and studied cell adhesion and their differentiation ability. All the cells nicely grew on both scaffolds and, when osteoinduced, significantly increased the amount of calcified ECM compared to control cells; interestingly, titanium is osteoinductive even per se on pASCs (+284% and +91 for BFP- and SC-ASCs). Considering the importance of cell interaction with tissue of the lesion site, and with materials commonly used during surgical practices, we studied human BFP- and SC-ASC adherence to several supports. SEM analysis confirmed that both cell type nicely stick on alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, collagen membrane and polyglycolic acid filaments. Finally, we found that amelogenin, the most abundant enamel matrix protein seems to be an early osteoinductive factor for BFP-hASCs, whereas this effect is not manifested for SC-hASCs. For future cellular therapy, and since the use of FBS pose the risk of xenogenic contaminations leading to immunological complications during transplant, we tested cells growth in the presence of autologous supplements. Interestingly, both hASCs adapted rapidly to human serum, increasing their proliferation rates compared to standard culture condition, while porcine autologous or heterologous sera, did not improve pASC growth. In conclusion, we identified a cell population derived from a tissue easily available to dentists and maxillofacial surgeons, whose multipotent features and interaction with clinical grade scaffolds make proper candidate for future uses in tissue engineering approaches of periodontal diseases. In parallel, part of my PhD project was focused on the study of a critical osteochondral defect regeneration performed in a large animal preclinical model. The main obstacles for clinicians in treating this defect arises from the disparity concerning anatomy, composition and, most importantly, rate of healing of the articular cartilage (AC) and the subchondral bone. The key points of our study are the use of an innovative hydrogel of oligo(polyethylene glycol)fumarate (OPF) to fill the osteochondral defect, and of either porcine, or human ASCs, to create bioconstructs to be implanted in non-immuno-compromised minipigs. In particular, four critical osteochondral defects (diameter 9mm, depth 8mm) were created in the peripheral part of the trochlea of seven animals (defect n=28), and then treated with the different pre-made constructs. Untreated defects and defects filled by just scaffold were included as controls. No side-effects have been observed during the six-moths follow-up. At the end of this period, animals were sacrificed and knees explanted. Gross appearance analyses showed quite satisfactory filling of all the lesions, with the exception of one animal, whose joint appeared infected and not healed. MRI analyses revealed that in all the scaffold treated groups an overall improvement of the tissue quality at the osteochondral lesion site, was induced. More accurate evaluations (histological and immunohistochemistry analyses) revealed that some important tissue features were significantly improved by the association of OPF and ASCs. Indeed, regarding the subchondral bone, in all the OPF+ASCs groups, a mature bone appeared, with higher deposition of collagen type I compared to untreated or unseeded OPF groups. Moreover, the use of ASCs associated to scaffolds induced an improvement in newly formed cartilage features such as collagen type II deposition, and histological scores associated to these samples indicated a significant increase in matrix staining, tissue morphology and formation of tidemark, together with a reduction in vascularisation (a positive aspect in cartilage) compared to unseeded scaffolds. However, the histology indicated that in all the samples cartilage regeneration was still immature, most likely due to the limited time of follow up and/or the insufficient stimuli for cartilage complete regeneration. Despite this, biomechanical tests revealed that the neo-cartilage found in the cell-loaded scaffold groups possessed poroelastic behaviour, as well as indentation modulus and creep curves comparable to native cartilage. This important result suggest that the ASC presence at the lesion site, is able to enhance newly formed cartilage functionality. In conclusion, this in vivo study provide the evidence that both porcine and human adipose-derived stem cells associated to OPF hydrogel improve osteochondral defect regeneration, even though, at the moment, we are not able to define if the implanted ASCs are responsible per se of the new tissue formation or if they help spontaneous regeneration process by paracrine actions

Feasibility analysis of a portuguese startup in the brazilian market

This final project relates to the field of business administration and technology, as it seeks to analyze aspects of the market potential of an online shopping application in the gift segment and the formulation of a marketing plan. It is part of a double diploma program between Instituto Politécnico de Bragança and Federal University of Technology - Paraná. It is critical to recognize the market potential in order to understand a company's external environment and identify how the business can be inserted in the market to expand and consolidate. We are currently inserted in a globalized, international and connected context, resulting in the emerging of new market needs which leads to new opportunities. A technological startup, based in Portugal – Techwelf – identified an opportunity by noticing that offering someone a present can be enhanced by a pleasant, innovative and user-friendly experience, making it more dynamic, innovative and creative. The act of giving, although millennial, still remains contemporary and important in society. This practice can be understood as a form of self-expression, materialistic exchange and also as a form of building social networks and communities[1]. Along these lines, the market potential will be analyzed thought two methods of investigation. The first being of exploratory nature through direct and unstructured online interviews, with the purpose of formulating hypotheses. The second method is of descriptive nature through field survey using an online questionnaire, in order to identify market segmentation. The sampling technique used in both cases will be non-probabilistic for convenience and also for quotas. The investigation will be conducted in the city of Curitiba, capital of Paraná, Brazil, as it reflects a consumption pattern aligned with the project proposal. Secondary data will also be used given its contribution as a complementary and comparative source that adds to the delimitation of the problem. As the project is still under development, the results are still preliminary and need to be matured before being presented. Although we can infer, based in a finished exploratory interview, the potential consumer and its characteristics.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Feasibility analysis of a portuguese startup in the brazilian market

Nowadays is being noticed that offer someone a present can be enhanced by a pleasant, innovative and user-friendly experience, making it more dynamic, innovative and creative. At the same time the application Pin2Give is being developed, this project in the field of business administration and technology, seeks to analyze aspects of the market potential of the Pin2Give marketplace application, in the gift segment, and the development of a marketing plan.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hierarquia de metas do consumidor de tênis de corrida para diferenets níveis de autoconexão com a marca

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Paulo de Paula BaptistaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração. Defesa: Curitiba, 2011Bibliografia: fls. 150-158Área de concentração: Estratégia e OrganizaçõesResumo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se existem diferenças na hierarquia de metas de consumo entre consumidores com alto e baixo nível de autoconexão com marca de tênis de corrida. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: primeiro foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade por meio da técnica de laddering para levantar as principais metas subordinadas, focais e superiores consideradas pelos praticantes de corrida de rua no processo de escolha de um tênis de corrida. E na segunda etapa foi conduzido um estudo quantitativo via internet com 352 corredores de rua. Foi possível constatar diferenças nas hierarquias de metas entre os dois grupos de alta e baixa autoconexão com a marca, sendo que o grupo de alta autoconexão com marcas demonstrou ligações relativas a aspectos simbólicos e sociais, enquanto o grupo com baixa autoconexão com a marca não demonstrou essas ligações, apresentando somente ligações mais funcionais.Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate the differences in goal hierarchy between consumers with high and low self-brand connection. The research was conducted in two stages: first, in-depth interviews were conducted by using the laddering technique to identify runners’ subordinate, focal and superordinate goals to choose running shoes. In the second phase, a quantitative study was conducted through the Internet with 352 runners. It was possible to recognize differences in the goal hierarchies between groups: the high self-brand connection one demonstrated symbolic and social oriented connections, while the low selfbrand connection group showed no such connections, but presented functional oriented connections

El sincretismo religioso en Mañana, las ratas de José Adolph

La presente investigación analiza el sincretismo religioso que exhiben diversos cultos y personajes de la novela Mañana, las ratas, de José B. Adolph. Propongo que dicho sincretismo se debe, en primer lugar, al interés tanto de cultos como de personajes en ganar adherentes a sus filas y al deseo de desenvolverse mejor en el régimen de la democracia transnacional establecido por los directorios (que denomino razones internas, pues se explican a partir de la historia narrada en Mañana, las ratas); y en segundo lugar, a la postura de Adolph de que todas las religiones significan lo mismo, lo que lo lleva a combinar los rasgos de varias de ellas y crear cultos sincréticos, y a la influencia de la literatura contemporánea en dicho autor (que denomino razones externas, pues se alejan de la historia narrada en la novela). Para demostrar esta hipótesis, desarrollo dos capítulos: en el primero, presento la definición de los términos “ciencia ficción” y “religión”, explico la relación que hay entre ambos conceptos y expongo las características que hacen de Mañana, las ratas una novela de ciencia ficción. En el segundo, analizo las razones, relacionadas con la estructura interna de la novela o ajenas a ella, por las cuales cultos y personajes del texto de Adolph exhiben ideas y prácticas religiosas sincréticas. La investigación tiene como objetivos contribuir a los estudios sobre Adolph y la ciencia ficción peruana, escasamente cultivada por nuestros narradores canónicos; revelar los rasgos generales del contexto religioso de las décadas de 1970 y 1980 (pues la ciencia ficción suele consistir en la extrapolación y exageración de la realidad en la que se encuentra el autor al momento de escribir su texto); y definir una serie de conceptos empleados en las ciencias sociales y humanas, como “sincretismo” y “fundamentalismo”