Facial Palsy Treatment After Cranial Base Fracture : A Systematic Review

Facial nerve paralysis is a common event in cases of cranial base trauma. Especially facial nerve paralysis due to trauma or fracture of the temporal bone accounts for around 7-10% of cases. Analysis of studies related to the management of facial nerve paralysis due to skull base fractures still needs to be studied. The aim of this paper is to examine in more depth the management of facial nerve paralysis due to traumatic skull base fractures. This research analyzes studies through the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Proquest databases. After searching, 729 articles were found. Seven articles were found that were suitable and discussed the management of facial nerve paralysis due to cranial base trauma. Based on the results of the investigation, it was found that the management carried out was based on the severity scale of facial paralysis where medical or surgical treatment could be carried out according to the required indications

Pengaruh Faktor-Faktor Sosiodemografi dan Tingkat Pengetahuan terhadap Pemilihan Kontrasepsi Hormonal (Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Kabupaten Malang).

"Laju pertumbuhan penduduk di Indonesia terus mengalami peningkatan 1,5% setiap tahunnya. Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam mengatasi permasalahan tersebut yaitu dengan menggalakkan program Keluarga Berencana (KB) yang mengarah pada pengguaan kontrasepsi. Namun, tingkat partisipasi masyarakat di Kabupaten Malang dalam mengikuti program KB masih rendah sehingga terus mengalami peningkatan jumlah penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor sosiodemografi (umur, pekerjaan, tingkat pendidikan, jumlah anak yang dimiliki, jumlah anak yang diinginkan, pendapatan, dan kebiasaan merokok) serta tingkat pengetahuan yang dapat memengaruhi pemilihan metode kontrasepsi hormonal bagi akseptor-akseptor KB di puskesmas-puskesmas Kabupaten Malang. Desain penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan responden dilakukan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling hingga mendapatkan 104 akseptor KB. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Hasil uji regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan adalah faktor yang paling memengaruhi pemilihan metode kontrasepsi hormonal (p = 0,031; OR = 0,673; IK = 0,470–0,964). Dari hasil penelitian ini maka pemerintah perlu menggalakkan pemberian edukasi tentang berbagai pilihan metode kontrasepsi yang dapat disesuaikan dengan karakteristik akseptor KB. Kata kunci: kontrasepsi, akseptor KB, kontrasepsi hormonal, faktor-faktor sosiodemografi

Association between MLH1 -93G>a polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer.

The -93G>A (rs1800734) polymorphism located in the promoter of mismatch repair gene, MLH1, has been identified as a low-penetrance variant for cancer risk. Many published studies have evaluated the association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive.The aim of this study was to assess the association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and the risk of CRC.To derive a more precise estimation of the association, a meta-analysis of six studies (17,791 cases and 13,782 controls) was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of the association. Four of these published studies were performed on subjects of known microsatellite instability (MSI) status. An additional analysis including 742 cases and 10,895 controls was used to assess the association between the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism and the risk of MSI-CRC.The overall results indicated that the variant genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC (AG versus GG: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01-1.11; AA/AG versus GG: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01-1.11). This increased risk was also found during stratified analysis of MSI status (AA versus GG: OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.94-3.28; AG versus GG: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10-1.52; AA/AG versus GG: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.24-1.68; AA versusOR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.78-2.96). Egger's test did not show any evidence of publication bias.Our results suggest that the MLH1 -93G>A polymorphism may contribute to individual susceptibility to CRC and act as a risk factor for MSI-CRC

Small Molecules Identified from a Quantitative Drug Combinational Screen Resensitize Cisplatin's Response in Drug-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells

Drug resistance to chemotherapy occurs in many ovarian cancer patients resulting in failure of treatment. Exploration of drug resistance mechanisms and identification of new therapeutics that overcome the drug resistance can improve patient prognosis. Following a quantitative combination screen of 6060 approved drugs and bioactive compounds in a cisplatin-resistant A2780-cis ovarian cancer cell line, 38 active compounds with IC50s under 1 μM suppressed the growth of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Among these confirmed compounds, CUDC-101, OSU-03012, oligomycin A, VE-821, or Torin2 in a combination with cisplatin restored cisplatin's apoptotic response in the A2780-cis cells, while SR-3306, GSK-923295, SNX-5422, AT-13387, and PF-05212384 directly suppressed the growth of A2780-cis cells. One of the mechanisms for overcoming cisplatin resistance in these cells is mediated by the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), though not all the EGFR inhibitors are equally active. The increased levels of total EGFR and phosphorylated-EGFR (p-EGFR) in the A2780-cis cells were reduced after the combined treatment of cisplatin with EGFR inhibitors. In addition, a knockdown of EGFR mRNA reduced cisplatin resistance in the A2780-cis cells. Therefore, the top active compounds identified in this work can be studied further as potential treatments for cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. The quantitative combinational screening approach is a useful method for identifying effective compounds and drug combinations against drug-resistant cancer cells

The Overexpression of Scaffolding Protein NEDD9 Promotes Migration and Invasion in Cervical Cancer via Tyrosine Phosphorylated FAK and SRC

<div><p>NEDD9, a focal adhesion scaffolding protein, has been recently proposed to regulate invasion and metastasis in some cancer types, but unknown in cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to determine if NEDD9 was involved in the progression and metastasis of cervical cancer. The experimental results showed NEDD9 protein was overexpressed in cervical cancer compared with normal cervical epithelium tissues. Overexpression of NEDD9 was correlated with histological grading, lymph node metastasis, and FIGO stage of cervical cancer. Silencing NEDD9 resulted in tyrosine dephosphorylation of FAK and SRC oncoproteins, and decreased cell migration and invasion in the cervical carcinoma SiHa and HeLa cells. Overexpression of NEDD9 led to tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and SRC oncoproteins, and increased cell migration and invasion. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of NEDD9 was significantly decreased via suppressing tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK or SRC, suggesting a positive feedback loop of tyrosine phosphorylation between NEDD9 and FAK or SRC. In addition, our data showed that silencing NEDD9 decreased Vimentin expression and increased E-cadherin expression in cervical cancer cells, and vice versa. E-cadherin was subject to regulation of NEDD9, FAK and SRC, but altered neither tyrosine-phosphorylated nor total NEDD9. Our findings suggest that NEDD9 is overexpressed in cervical cancer tissues and cells, and overexpressed NEDD9 promotes migration and invasion in cervical carcinoma cells, probably via a positive feedback loop of tyrosine phosphorylation between NEDD9 and FAK or SRC.</p> </div

Silencing of NEDD9 resulted in reduced cell migration and invasion.

<p>NEDD9 was knocked down by siRNAs or shRNAs in cervical carcinoma SiHa and HeLa cells. (A) The interference effects were confirmed by quantitative PCR in SiHa and HeLa cells. Expression of NEDD9 was examined by Western blotting in SiHa (B) and HeLa cells (C). Cells were infected with lentiviral vectors encoding shRNA against NEDD9. The results of Transwell assay showed that lentiviral delivery of shRNA targeting NEDD9 resulted in reduced cell invasion (D) and migration (E) in SiHa and HeLa cells. The results of Scratch wound-healing assay further verified that silencing NEDD9 resulted in reduced cell migration (F, G and H). Scale bar, 100 μm. * <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

NEDD9 regulates tyrosine dephosphorylation of FAK and SRC.

<p>(A and B) Expression of NEDD9-associated oncoproteins, FAK and SRC, was examined by Western blotting. Tyrosine-phosphorylated FAK and SRC, rather than FAK and SRC, were significantly down-regulated while NEDD9 was silenced in SiHa and HeLa cells. (C and D) Moreover, tyrosine-phosphorylated FAK and SRC were significantly upregulated while NEDD9 was exogenously overexpressed in HaCaT cells. (E and F) Results of immunoprecipitation showed that tyrosine-phosphorylated NEDD9, rather than NEDD9, were significantly down-regulated while FAK or SRC was suppressed by FAK inhibitor PF-228 or SRC inhibitor PP2 in SiHa and TGFβ-stimulating HaCaT cells. (G) Results of Transwell assay showed that increased cell invasion and migration by exogenous overexpression of NEDD9 were suppressed by FAK inhibitor PF-228 or SRC inhibitor PP2 in HaCaT cells. Scale bar, 100 μm.</p

The association between NEDD9 and E6/E7 expression.

<p>(A and B) The result of qPCR and western blots showed that deprivation of E6/E7 by siRNA didn’t change the expression of NEDD9 in HPV-positive SiHa and CaSki cells. (C and D) Interference of NEDD9 didn’t affect the expression of E6/E7 in SiHa and CaSki cells.</p