127 research outputs found
Inhaled Interleukin-10 before and after induction of experimental endotoxemia in the rat : effects on the inflammatory response
To determine the effects of inhaled IL-10 at different doses and different time points on the pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia, 48 ventilated, anaesthetized rats (mean body weight ± standard deviation, 500 ± 33g) were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 8, each). Interleukin-10 was nebulised either prior to or following the intravenous injection of LPS (5mg/kg) at two doses (5.0 mycro-g or 0.5 mycro-g) in our groups. Eight rats received the same insult with no further treatment (LPS-only group). Another eight rats served as controls without endotoxemia but with aerosolized phosphate-buffered saline, the solvent of IL-10 (Sham group). Concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma were analyzed in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, the nitrite release from ex-vivo cultured alveolar macrophages was determined. As compared to the LPS-only group, the concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma in plasma were significantly reduced in the group, which inhaled 5 mycro-g IL-10 before LPS injection (p< 0.0125). Spontaneous nitrite release from exvivo cultured alveolar macrophages was suppressed in this group (p< 0.0125). Inhalation of 0.5 mycro-g IL-10 before LPS injection and both dosages of IL-10 inhalation (5 mycro-g or 0.5 mycro-g) after LPS injection did not significantly influence either inflammatory cytokine concentrations in BALF, in plasma or the nitrite release from ex-vivo cultured alveolar macrophages. In this study, inhaled IL-10 only demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects when it was administered at 5 mycro-g prior to the induction of experimental endotoxemia. Interleukin-10 aerosol had no effect when it was given either following induction of endotoxemia or given at a lower dosage (which here was 0.5 mycro-g) either before or following injection of lipopolysaccharide.Das "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome" (ARDS) ist eine akut auftretende, ĂŒberwiegend Sepsis-induzierte, inflammatorische Erkrankung der Lunge mit hoher LetalitĂ€t. Ein komplexes Netzwerk aus Zytokinen und anderen proinflammatorischen Mediatoren unterhĂ€lt die pulmonale EntzĂŒndungreaktion. Dem Zytokin Interleukin-10 (IL-10) könnte in diesem Zusammenhang aufgrund seines spezifisch antiinflammatorischen und immunmodulierenden Wirkspektrums eine therapeutische Bedeutung zukommen. In tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen konnten die protektiven Wirkungen von systemisch appliziertem Interleukin-10 bezĂŒglich verringerter Wirkspiegel proinflammatorischer Mediatoren sowie des Ăberlebens der Versuchstiere bei Sepsis belegt werden. In einer Untersuchung an ARDS-Erkrankten wiesen Patienten, deren bronchoalveolĂ€re Lavage (BAL) hohe Konzentrationen an Interleukin-10 enthielt, eine signifikant niedrigere LetalitĂ€t auf als Patienten mit niedriger IL-10-Konzentration. Die Inhalation von IL-10 ĂŒber den Luftweg könnte lokal in der Lunge die Freisetzung von EntzĂŒndungsmediatoren verringern und so den Verlauf eines ARDS positiv beeinflussen. Im Rahmen einer bereits durchgefĂŒhrten Studie der eigenen Arbeitsgruppe konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Inhalation von IL-10 (0.19 mycro-g/Tier) vor Induktion einer experimentellen EndotoxinĂ€mie (Beobachtungszeitraum 6h) zur signifikanten Reduktion proinflammatorischer Zytokine im Plasma sowie der BAL fĂŒhrte. Daneben bewirkte IL-10 Aerosol eine signifikante Verringerung der Nitritproduktion aus ex vivo kultivierten Alveolarmakrophagen (AM). Mit der vorliegenden Studie sollte untersucht werden, ob vernebeltes IL-10 auch in einer geringeren Dosierung als in der ersten Studie angewandt antiinflammatorisch wirksam ist. Daneben sollte geklĂ€rt werden, ob der Zeitpunkt der Applikation des IL-10 Aerosol relevant ist. Konkret sollte untersucht werden, ob die Inhalation von IL-10 erst nach Induktion der experimentellen EndotoxinĂ€mie ebenfalls antinflammatorisches Potential besitzt. Die Generierung und Verneblung des IL-10 Aerosols erfolgte in der vorliegenden Untersuchung mittels eines speziell fĂŒr diesen Einsatz von der eigenen Arbeitsgruppe entwickelten und charakterisierten Verneblersystems. Der Vernebler produziert stabil Aerosopartikel, deren GröĂenverteilung (rund 2 mycro-m) mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit in alvelĂ€ren Bereichen deponiert. Die alveolĂ€re Depositionsfraktion des Verneblers betrĂ€gt rund 4% und liegt damit in einem Bereich, der aus der Humanmedizin fĂŒr die Verneblung bei intubierten Patienten bekannt ist. An 48 narkotisierten, kontrolliert beatmeten Ratten wurde die antiinflammatorische Wirkung eines IL-10-Aerosols untersucht. Die Induktion des experimentellen Lungenschadens erfolgte durch intravenöse Injektion von Endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharid; LPS, in einer Dosierung von 5mg/kg). Als löslicher Bestandteil der Membran gram-negativer Bakterien fĂŒhrt LPS ĂŒber die Freisetzung proinflammatorischer Substanzen zu entzĂŒndlichen Reaktionen, die lokal beschrĂ€nkt oder auch systemisch auftreten können. Bei Versuchstieren unterschiedlicher Spezies bewirkt die systemische Applikation von LPS pulmonale VerĂ€nderungen, die denen des septisch bedingten ARDS des Menschen qualitativ entsprechen. Die Tiere wurden zufĂ€llig in eine der sechs Versuchsgruppen eingeteilt (je n=8): Die LPS-Gruppe erhielt eine LPS-Injektion (5 mg/kg/KG) ohne anschlieĂende therapeutische Intervention. Die mit IL-10 behandelten Tiere erhielten das IL-10-Aerosol entweder vor oder nach Induktion der experimentellen EndotoxinĂ€mie nach unten genanntem Protokoll. In einer Kontroll (Sham)-Gruppe wurde die Auswirkung von Narkose, chirurgischer PrĂ€paration, Beatmung und Aerosolapplikation (IL-10-TrĂ€gerlösung; phosphatgepufferte Kochsalzlösung) evaluiert. Neben der in vivo Beobachtung von HĂ€modynamik (Herzfrequenz, mittlerer arterieller Blutdruck), Lungenmechanik, arteriellen Blutgasen und Blutbild, untersuchten wir anhand von Blutproben und einer BronchoalveolĂ€ren Lavage (BAL) die systemische und pulmonale Inflammation (inflammatorische Zytokine TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 und IFNgamma in Plasma und BAL). Die Verneblung von IL-10 erfolgte in zwei Dosierungen und zu zwei Zeitpunkten: in einer Gruppe wurde IL-10 in einer Dosierung von 5.0 mycro-g (0.19 mycro-g/Tier) vor, und in einer weiteren Gruppe nach Induktion der experimentellen EndotoxinĂ€mie vernebelt. In zwei weiteren Versuchgruppen wurde IL-10 in einer Dosierung von 0.5 mycro-g (0.019 mycro-g/Tier) ebenfalls vor sowie nach Injektion von LPS vernebelt. Die EndotoxinĂ€mie fĂŒhrte nur zu geringen Verschlechterungen der klinischen Parameter, aber sowohl pulmonal (BAL) als auch systemisch (Plasma) zeigte sich ein Anstieg proinflammatorischer Mediatoren. GegenĂŒber den Tieren, deren EndotoxinĂ€mie unbehandelt blieb, bewirkte nur die Inhalation von IL-10 in der höheren Dosierung (5 mycro-g) das signifikante Abfallen der proinflammatorischen Zytokine TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 und IFNgamma im Plasma sowie der Freisetzung von Nitrit aus kultivierten AM. IL-10 Aerosol hatte in keiner Dosierung respektive zu keinem Applikationszeitpunkt antiinflammatorische Effekte auf die Zytokinkonzentrationen in der BAL. Die prĂ€emptive Vernebelung von IL-10 in einer Dosierung von 5 mycro-g (0.19 mycro-g/Tier) vor Induktion einer experimentellen EndotoxinĂ€mie zeigte sowohl auf die AM Kultur als auch systemisch (Plasma) antinflammatorisches Wirkprofil. DemgegenĂŒber zeigte IL-10 keine antinflammatorische Effekte, wenn es erst nach Injektion von LPS oder aber in geringerer Dosierung vernebelt wurde. Zur antiinflammatorischen Therapie der experimentellen EndotoxinĂ€mie durch LPS Injektion in der Spezies Ratte erscheint IL-10 Aerosol nur wirksam, wenn es in ausreichender Dosierung (5 mycro-g) sowie vor Injektion von LPS appliziert wird
The variable elasticity of substitution function and endogenous growth : an empirical evidence from Vietnam
Purpose: To specify a Variable Elasticity of Substitution function (VES), in which the estimated Elasticity of Substitution (ES) can give some implications for the tendency of economic growth in the Vietnames manufacturing sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: The contribution and the relevant methodology is based on the Bayesian approach having some advantages over the frequentist method: (i) the simulation and prediction results are more reliable in Bayesian analysis due to combining prior knowledge about parameters with obverved data to compose a posterior model, whereas the frequentist approach is based only on available data; (ii) in probability sense, Bayesian credible intervals have a straightforward interpretation compared to frequentist confidence intervals. The Bayesian nonlinear regresion performed is suitable for fitting production functions and depicting economic growth. Findings: The specified VES function has the ES greater than one and this finding contradicts many previous empirical studies in the growth theory. This result points to the possibility of unbounded endogenous growth in the Vietnamese manufacturing sector. Practical implications: Based on the empirical results, in order to realize the possibility of endogenous growth for the studied Vietnamese manufacturing sector, policies of enforcing investment are needed. To raise the level of science and technique, as well as human capital of the Vietnamese enterprises, at the same time, there is great necessity to encourage R&D activities in both the private and public sectors. Originality/Value: Although this study organically builds upon recent studies about the link between the VES, the elasticity of factor subsitution and economic growth, its results proved that the VES is more appropriate than the Cobb-Douglas and the Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) to explain economic growth in the view of capital-labor relationship.peer-reviewe
Case Study âXYZ Commercial Joint-Stock Bankâ, Conversion of Financial Statements from Vietnamâs Accounting Standard into International Financing Reporting Standard
The aim of this study is to update significant differences between Vietnamâs accounting standards (VAS) and International financial report standards (IFRS). Case study âXYZ Commercial Joint-Stock Bankâ, conversion of financial statements from VAS into IFRS. Analyzed the case study and status of conversion financial statements from VAS into IFRS of Vietnam listed Joint Stock Companies (JSCs) , author found and discussed impediments & challenges to convert IFRS financial statements in Vietnam and suggest to enhance roles of Vietnam Government and listed JSCs on the Vietnam stock market in an effort to convert and adopt IFRS financial statements as well as suggest to establish an IFRS conversion project to have an overview of conversion processes financial statements from VAS into IFRS for Vietam listed JSCs Keywords: Conversion financial statement, International financial reporting standard, Vietnamese account standar
POPULATION GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CAMELLIA DILINHENSIS ON THE DI LINH PLATEAU OF VIETNAM REVEALED BY ISSR AND SCOT MARKERS
Genetic diversity of naturally distributed Camellia dilinhensis populations on the Di Linh plateau of Vietnam was assessed by the inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) techniques separately and then by combining data from both techniques for satisfactory results. The genetic diversity parameters and genetic distances among individuals found with the ISSR technique (HeI = 0.1420, II = 0.2092, PPBI = 35.22%, GSCsI = 0.765â0.988, and AGSCI = 0.915) are lower than those found with the SCoT technique (HeS = 0.2100, IS = 0.381, PPBS = 52.27%, GSCsS = 0.644â0.985, and AGSCS = 0.866). Based on the combined data from both techniques, the level of genetic diversity of the investigated population is PPB = 43.77%, He = 0.1720, I = 0.2582, and the genetic similarities among individuals are GSCs = 0.764â0.973 with an average of AGSC = 0.894. The SCoT technique differentiated between individuals better and reflected a higher level of genetic diversity in the population than the ISSR technique, but the ISSR technique revealed more loci in Camellia dilinhensis plants than did the SCoT technique
On initial value and terminal value problems for subdiffusive stochastic Rayleigh-Stokes equation
In this paper, we study two stochastic problems for time-fractional RayleighStokes equation including the initial value problem and the terminal value problem. Here, two problems are perturbed by Wiener process, the fractional derivative are
taken in the sense of Riemann-Liouville, the source function and the time-spatial noise are nonlinear and satisfy the globally Lipschitz conditions. We attempt to give some existence results and regularity properties for the mild solution of each problem
On stochastic nonclassical diffusion equation with standard and fractional Brownian motion
This paper is concerned with the mathematical analysis of terminal value problems for a
stochastic non-classical diffusion equation, where the source is assumed to be driven by classical
and fractional Brownian motions. Our two problems are to study in the sense of well-posedness
and ill-posedness meanings. Here, a terminal value problem is a problem of determining the
statistical properties of the initial data from the final time data. In the case 0 < ÎČ â€ 1, where
ÎČ is the fractional order of a Laplace operator, we show that these are well-posed under certain
assumptions. We state a definition of ill-posedness and obtain the ill-poseness results for the
problems when ÎČ > 1. The major analysis tools in this paper are based on properties of stochastic
integrals with respect to the fractional Brownian motion
On terminal value problems for bi-parabolic equations driven by Wiener process and fractional Brownian motions
In this paper, we study two terminal value problems (TVPs) for stochastic bi-parabolic equations perturbed by standard Brownian motion and fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter h â ( 1/2 , 1) separately. For each problem, we
provide a representation for the mild solution and find the space where the existence of the solution is guaranteed. Additionally, we show clearly that the solution of each problem is not stable, which leads to the ill-posedness of each problem. Finally, we propose two regularization results for both considered problems by using the filter regularization method
Building a Model of Organizational Activities Experience in Natural Sciences under Stem Education Orientation
STEM educational-oriented Natural Science experience activities are learner-oriented activities Taking learners as the center in all natural science research activities applying engineering technology and mathematics STEM in solving practical problems Based on theoretical research on experiential activities STEM education and the characteristics of Natural Sciences the article studies the educational forces inside and outside the school From there it is proposed to build a model of organizational structure for experiential activities in Natural Sciences oriented toward STEM education The results of this research are meaningful in helping principals see the importance and significance of coordinating educational forces inside and outside the school in organizing experiential activities in Natural Sciences according to orientation STEM education for student
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