Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1- and 3-Mediated Hyperalgesia and Hypoalgesia in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Models in Mice

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling is known to play key roles in the initiation and maintenance of various chronic pain models. Here we examined whether LPA signaling is also involved in diabetes-induced abnormal pain behaviors. The high-fat diet (HFD) showing elevation of blood glucose levels and body weight caused thermal, mechanical hyperalgesia, hypersensitivity to 2000 or 250 Hz electrical-stimulation and hyposensitivity to 5 Hz stimulation to the paw in wild-type (WT) mice. These HFD-induced abnormal pain behaviors and body weight increase, but not elevated glucose levels were abolished in LPA1−/− and LPA3−/− mice. Repeated daily intrathecal (i.t.) treatments with LPA1/3 antagonist AM966 reversed these abnormal pain behaviors. Similar abnormal pain behaviors and their blockade by daily AM966 (i.t.) or twice daily Ki16425, another LPA1/3 antagonist was also observed in db/db mice which show high glucose levels and body weight. Furthermore, streptozotocin-induced similar abnormal pain behaviors, but not elevated glucose levels or body weight loss were abolished in LPA1−/− and LPA3−/− mice. These results suggest that LPA1 and LPA3 play key roles in the development of both type I and type II diabetic neuropathic pain

Wavelet-Monte Carlo Hybrid System for HLW Nuclide Migration Modeling and Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis

This paper presents results of an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for performance of the different barriers of high level radioactive waste repositories. SUA is a tool to perform the uncertainty and sensitivity on the output of Wavelet Integrated Repository System model (WIRS), which is developed to solve a system of nonlinear partial differential equations arising from the model formulation of radionuclide transport through repository. SUA performs sensitivity analysis (SA) and uncertainty analysis (UA) on a sample output from Monte Carlo simulation. The sample is generated by WIRS and contains the values of the output values of the maximum release rate in the form of time series and values of the input variables for a set of different simulations (runs), which are realized by varying the model input parameters. The Monte Carlo sample is generated with SUA as a pure random sample or using Latin Hypercube sampling technique. Tchebycheff and Kolmogrov confidence bounds are compute d on the maximum release rate for UA and effective non-parametric statistics to rank the influence of the model input parameters SA. Based on the results, we point out parameters that have primary influences on the performance of the engineered barrier system of a repository. The parameters found to be key contributor to the release rate are selenium and Cesium distribution coefficients in both geosphere and major water conducting fault (MWCF), the diffusion depth and water flow rate in the excavation-disturbed zone (EDZ)

LPA1 receptor involvement in fibromyalgia-like pain induced by intermittent psychological stress, empathy

Treatment for fibromyalgia is an unmet medical need and its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. The present study demonstrated that intermittent psychological stress (IPS), or empathy causes generalized chronic abnormal pain with female predominance. The persistence of the pain phenotype was dependent on the unpredictability of the stressor. The pain was reversed by pregabalin (PGB), duloxetine (DLX) or mirtazapine (Mir), but not by diclofenac or morphine. Differential administration of these existing medicines revealed that the sites of PGB and Mir actions exist in the brain, but not in the spinal cord, while that of DLX is preferentially in the spinal cord. It is interesting to note that the intracerebroventricular injection of PGB or Mir showed potent analgesia for 24 h or longer, though systemic injection of these medicines shows anti-hyperalgesia just for several hours. These results indicate that initial intense actions in the target brain may prevent the forthcoming development of pain memory. IPS-induced abnormal pain was prevented in mice deficient of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) gene, and completely cured by the repeated intrathecal treatments with LPA1 antagonist, AM966, which did not show acute action. All these results suggest that IPS model is an experimental animal model, which mimics the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy in fibromyalgia in clinic, and LPA1 signaling plays crucial roles in the IPS-induced fibromyalgia-like abnormal pain. Keywords: Fibromyalgia, Empathy, Psychological stress, Mirtazapine, Morphine, Lysophosphatidic aci

RMCP: Remote music control protocol — design and applications

This paper describes the design and various applications of a communication protocol in a distributed music system that integrates MIDI and computer networks. We designed this protocol, called RMCP (Remote Music Control Protocol), to share symbolized musical information through the networks. Most previous related protocols were connection-oriented and did not emphasize efficient information sharing among processes. Since the RMCP is a UDP/IP-based connection-less protocol, it supports broadcastbased information sharing without the overhead of multiple transmission. To enable real-time MIDI handling, it also supports time scheduling using time stamps. RMCP has been used in various applications such as a music-controlled virtual dancer, a virtual jazz session system, and a remote session system.

Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1- and 3-Mediated Hyperalgesia and Hypoalgesia in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Models in Mice

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling is known to play key roles in the initiation and maintenance of various chronic pain models. Here we examined whether LPA signaling is also involved in diabetes-induced abnormal pain behaviors. The high-fat diet (HFD) showing elevation of blood glucose levels and body weight caused thermal, mechanical hyperalgesia, hypersensitivity to 2000 or 250 Hz electrical-stimulation and hyposensitivity to 5 Hz stimulation to the paw in wild-type (WT) mice. These HFD-induced abnormal pain behaviors and body weight increase, but not elevated glucose levels were abolished in LPA1−/− and LPA3−/− mice. Repeated daily intrathecal (i.t.) treatments with LPA1/3 antagonist AM966 reversed these abnormal pain behaviors. Similar abnormal pain behaviors and their blockade by daily AM966 (i.t.) or twice daily Ki16425, another LPA1/3 antagonist was also observed in db/db mice which show high glucose levels and body weight. Furthermore, streptozotocin-induced similar abnormal pain behaviors, but not elevated glucose levels or body weight loss were abolished in LPA1−/− and LPA3−/− mice. These results suggest that LPA1 and LPA3 play key roles in the development of both type I and type II diabetic neuropathic pain