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Implications of moderate altitude training for sea level endurance in elite distance runners
Elite distance runners participated in one of
two studies designed to investigate the e ects of mod-
erate altitude training (inspiratory partial pressure of
oxygen »115±125 mmHg) on submaximal, maximal and
supramaximal exercise performance following return to
sea-level. Study 1 (New Mexico, USA) involved 14
subjects who were assigned to a 4-week altitude training
camp (1500±2000 m) whilst 9 performance-matched
subjects continued with an identical training programme
at sea-level (CON). Ten EXP subjects who trained at
1640 m and 19 CON subjects also participated in study 2
(Krugersdorp, South Africa). Selected metabolic and
cardiorespiratory parameters were determined with the
subjects at rest and during exercise 21 days prior to
(PRE) and 10 and 20 days following their return to sea-
level (POST). Whole blood lactate decreased by 23%
(P < 0.05 vs PRE) during submaximal exercise in the
EXP group only after 20 days at sea-level (study 1).
However, the lactate threshold and other measures of
running economy remained unchanged. Similarly, su-
pramaximal performance during a standardised track
session did not change. Study 2 demonstrated that
hypoxia per se did not alter performance. In contrast, in
the EXP group supramaximal running velocity de-
creased by 2% (P < 0.05) after 20 days at sea-level.
Both studies were characterised by a 50% increase in the
frequency of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
infections during the altitude sojourns, and two male
subjects were diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis
following their return to sea-level (study 1). Group mean
plasma glutamine concentrations at rest decreased by
19% or 143 (74) lM (P < 0.001) after 3 weeks at alti-
tude, which may have been implicated in the increased
incidence of infectious illness
BJSM reviews: A to Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance—Part 18
Metabolism of pyruvate by isolated rat mesenteric lymphocytes, lymphocyte mitochondria and isolated mouse macrophages
Metabolism of glucose, glutamine, long-chain fatty acids and ketone bodies by murine macrophages
The effect of glutamine concentration on the activity of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase II and on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin
The effect of time of addition of glutamine or nucleosides on proliferation of rat cervical lymph-node T-lymphocytes after stimulation by concanavalin A
Maximum activities and properties of glucose 6-phosphatase in muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates
The rate of the AMP/adenosine substrate cycle in concanavalin-A-stimulated rat lymphocytes
The effect of various concentrations of nucleobases, nucleosides or glutamine on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA in rat mesenteric-lymph-node lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin
The contents of adenine nucleotides, phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates
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