Social Cueing in Human Attention within the Context of Orientation Tasks

AbstractSocial cues are of general importance in human attention. Even when presented with task-oriented stimuli, social cues are preferred. In orientation tasks, the degree of the impact of social cues on the perception of signal cues is of high relevance for the behavior, such as in evacuation tasks. Therefore, we investigated the degree of this impact, using free-viewing and orientation task driven stimuli. To investigate the shift of attention in further detail, single persons and groups of persons were set into conflict with signage cues. In the experimental eye tracking study, images of an evacuation guidance system were displayed with appearance of guidance-related signs as well as with appearances of persons. To test the influence of group size, the number of depicted persons was varied. The scenes were observed, alternatively, (i) under free-viewing conditions and (ii) in an orientation task. From the results of the study we conclude that in orientation tasks there is a shift of attention from social to signage cues, while larger group sizes support the attention shift towards social cues

Implications for Behavioral Inhibition and Activation in Evacuation Scenarios: Applied Human Factors Analysis

AbstractIn the case of evacuation events, human factors play an important role for the effective outcome of evacuations. Therefore, the design and organization of evacuation systems can be seen as crucial factor. Behavioral aspects of human beings in critical situations can be described considering the theory of behavioral inhibition and activation. Furthermore, the behavior of evacuation assistants may have a decisive role on evacuees’ behavior. In an experimental study it was investigated, how the appearance of an evacuation assistant influences the behavior and the emotional state of evacuees while acting in different conflict situations. A multi-dimensional approach was chosen to combine assessments of the subjective emotional state and objective psychophysiological responses of the study participants. Different conflict situations were assessed with 23 untrained volunteers. The results of the psychophysiological responses and the subjective assessments of the participants indicate a stronger activation of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) under dangerous situation without an evacuation assistant than with an evacuation assistant. If a departing from the group of evacuees was required due to tasks, stronger activation of the behavioral activation system (BAS) was shown by persons who evacuated without evacuation assistant. Regarding the behavior of the evacuation assistant, the results strongly advise against the assignment of evacuation assistants that show unsafe occurrence and unsafe actions during the evacuation. Overall, the results give important indications to improve evacuation situations by avoiding critical situations in which persons tend to become unconfident and therefore become incapable of action