When social comparisons are (dys-)functional: The influence of social comparisons, knowledge awareness, and comparison motivation in collaborative learning

Collaborative learning has received increasing attention in all levels of education (Johnson et al., 2007; Webb & Mastergeorge, 2003). Under the right circumstances, learners can achieve higher knowledge levels and better learning outcomes in collaboration than individual learners (e.g. Dillenbourg et al., 1996; Garrison et al., 2001; Johnson & Johnson, 1999). The nature of collaborative learning is in itself to work with another person. Thus, collaborative learning carries with it the potential for social comparisons (Festinger, 1954). Therefore, it comes to no surprise that social comparisons are strongly facilitated when learning with others (Dijkstra et al., 2008). Structured collaboration as in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) with knowledge awareness is often used to heighten the efficiency of collaborative learning settings (Dillenbourg et al., 1996) but might also introduce the aforementioned comparisons more strongly than traditional collaboration. How this in turn influences learners’ engagement and learning is unclear and understudied. Furthermore, for the duration of collaboration in CSCL learners’ comparison options are often constrained. However, before collaboration, learners might be free to seek learning partners according to their individual needs and motivations. Generally, having a choice in their learning partner provides learners with a sense of control over their situation as well as motivates students to engage in learning (Pintrich, 2003). Therefore, giving learners a choice might be beneficial for collaborative learning. However, this choice might also encourage social comparisons with potential learning partners. Based on this assumption, this dissertation examines if social comparison already influence learning partner choices before collaboration. How social comparisons facilitated by CSCL settings influence a learner’s behavior and engagement and if comparisons influence learning partner choices likewise is core to this dissertation. This was addressed in a set of empirical studies. The findings indicate that social comparisons facilitated by knowledge awareness in CSCL can lead to knowledge hoarding and lowered learning outcomes for more knowledgeable learners. In contrast, for less knowledgeable learners social comparisons facilitated by knowledge awareness can lead to heightened engagement and learning outcome. Furthermore, social comparisons also influence learners before actual collaboration: social comparisons can hinder strategic learning partner choices and thus potentially harm learning

Positive and Negative Emotions Predict Weight Loss Intentions and Behaviors beyond Theory of Planned Behavior Constructs

Acknowledgements: This study was funded by the ScienceCampus Tuebingen (TP7.1) awarded to Devin G. Ray and Kai Sassenberg.Peer reviewedPostprin

Learners' habitual social comparisons can hinder effective learning partner choice

We thank the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung for the financial support of this research under the Eliteprogramme for Postdocs, Grant AZ Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung 1.16101.08.Peer reviewedPostprin

A phase 1b study of humanized KS-interleukin-2 (huKS-IL2) immunocytokine with cyclophosphamide in patients with EpCAM-positive advanced solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: Humanized KS-interleukin-2 (huKS-IL2), an immunocytokine with specificity for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), has demonstrated favorable tolerability and immunologic activity as a single agent. METHODS: Phase 1b study in patients with EpCAM-positive advanced solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of huKS-IL2 in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Treatment consisted of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2 on day 1), and escalating doses of huKS-IL2 (0.5-4.0 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 4 hours) on days 2, 3, and 4 of each 21-day cycle. Safety, pharmacokinetic profile, immunogenicity, anti-tumor and biologic activity were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were treated for up to 6 cycles; 26 were evaluable for response. The MTD of huKS-IL2 in combination with 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide was 3.0 mg/m2. At higher doses, myelosuppression was dose-limiting. Transient lymphopenia was the most common grade 3/4 adverse event (AE). Other significant AEs included hypotension, hypophosphatemia, and increase in serum creatinine. All patients recovered from these AEs. The huKS-IL2 exposure was dose-dependent, but not dose-proportional, accumulation was negligible, and elimination half-life and systemic clearance were independent of dose and time. Most patients had a transient immune response to huKS-IL2. Immunologic activity was observed at all doses. Ten patients (38%) had stable disease as best response, lasting for ≥ 4 cycles in 3 patients. CONCLUSION: The combination of huKS-IL2 with low-dose cyclophosphamide was well tolerated. Although no objective responses were observed, the combination showed evidence of immunologic activity and 3 patients showed stable disease for ≥ 4 cycles. TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://NCT00132522