Nutrition of modern genotype sow

The "modern" pig began to consume less food to obtain greater body mass gain, especially protein. Likewise, this selection produced and continues to produce genotypes of greater weight when they reach the physiological age for reproduction, however with less voluntary feed intake throughout their reproductive life. Feeding the gilt should be seen as one of the most relevant phases of the breeding stock's nutritional program since the renewal of the effective breeding stock corresponds on average 30 to 50% of the total of active females. During pregnancy, amino acids play an important role in the development of the mammary gland, when they reach about four times the size. The growth culminates with an increase in the DNA content which involves about 148 g of protein gain per gland or about 2066 g for 14 functional glands which corresponds to 18 g of protein per day. During lactation, the metabolic dynamics involve mobilization of body reserves when there is a nutrient deficit in the diet. The excessive mobilization of body protein, however, affects the condition of the female and her subsequent reproductive performance. At birth, the mammary gland undergoes greater physiological changes when the cells of the epithelial tissue start to function actively in the synthesis and secretion of milk in the lumen that the next is released to the piglet. The size of amino acids must meet the demands of milk production and maintenance of optimal body conditions, aiming at the following reproduction. As a final consideration, it is noteworthy that the nutrition of the modern breeder deserves successive evaluations, especially in the first reproductive cycles, when it is still in the phase of body growth. Another relevant aspect is the direction that should be given to the study of the nutrition of this modern breeder, emphasizing the distinct genotypes that exist in the commercial swine market, without, however, belittling the importance of the other conditions, in which this female will be subjected

Ileal amino acid digestibility in canola meals from yellow- and black-seeded Brassica napus and Brassica juncea fed to growing pigs

Twelve ileal cannulated pigs (30.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of protein and AA in canola meals (CM) derived from black- (BNB) and yellow-seeded (BNY) Brassica napus canola and yellow-seeded Brassica juncea (BJY). The meals were produced using either the conventional pre-press solvent extraction process (regular meal) or a new, vacuum-assisted cold process of meal de-solventization (white flakes) to provide 6 different meals. Six cornstarch-based diets containing 35% canola meal as the sole source of protein in a 3 (variety) × 2 (processing) factorial arrangement were randomly allotted to pigs in a 6 × 7 incomplete Latin square design to have 6 replicates per diet. A 5% casein diet was fed to estimate endogenous AA losses. Canola variety and processing method interacted for the AID of DM (P = 0.048), N (P = 0.010), and all AA (P < 0.05), except for Arg, Lys, Phe, Asp, Glu, and Pro. Canola variety affected or tended to affect the AID of most AA but had no effect on the AID of Lys, Met, Val, Cys, and Pro, whereas processing method had an effect on only Lys and Asp and tended to affect the AID of Thr, Gly and Ser. The effects of canola variety, processing method, and their interaction on the SID values for N and AA followed a similar pattern as for AID values. For the white flakes, SID of N in BJY (74.2%) was lower than in BNY and BNB, whose values averaged 78.5%; however, among the regular meals, BJY had a greater SID value for N than BNY and BNB (variety × processing, P = 0.015). For the white flakes, the SID of Ile (86.4%), Leu (87.6%), Lys (88.9%), Thr (87.6%) and Val (84.2%) in BNB were greater than BNY and BJY. Opposite results were observed for the regular processing, with SID of Lys (84.1%), Met (89.5%), Thr (84.1%), and Val (83.6%) being greater in BJY, followed by BNB and BNY(variety × processing, P < 0.057). The SID of Met was greatest for the white flakes (90.2%) but least for the regular processing (83.0%) in BNY (variety × processing, P < 0.057). It was concluded that the AID and SID of N and AA of the CM tested varied according to canola variety and the processing method used. Overall, the SID values for Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val averaged across CM types and processing methods were 81.8, 82.6, 83.4, 85.9, 80.8, and 78.4%, respectively.Financial support from Canola Council of Canada (Winnipeg, MB, Canada) for this Project is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank A. Karamanov (Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada) for technical support

Relação lisina digestível e energia metabolizável para leitões em fase pré-inicial de creche Digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio for nursery piglets

Estudou-se a melhor relação entre lisina digestível (LIS) e energia metabolizável (EM) e efeitos no desempenho e balanço de nitrogênio em leitões na fase de creche. No desempenho foram usados 216 leitões dos 6,90 ± 1,11 kg de peso inicial aos 12 kg, aproximadamente. No metabolismo eram 48 leitões com 9,31 ± 2,09 kg. As concentrações de LIS eram: 1,302; 1,390 e 1,497% e de EM: 3.510, 3.700 e 3.830 kcal/kg, combinadas em um arranjo fatorial 3 &#215; 4 e distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. No desempenho dos leitões houve interação LIS EM no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. No ganho de peso a resposta para LIS foi linear crescente nas dietas com 3.510 kcal e 3.830 kcal de EM. Na conversão alimentar observou-se efeito quadrático de LIS nas dietas que continham 3.510 kcal e efeito linear de LIS nas dietas com 3.830 kcal de EM. O efeito quadrático de LIS dentro de 3.510 kcal indicou 1,44% do aminoácido digestível como nível ótimo ou a ingestão de 4,16 g LIS/Mcal de EM consumida. A resposta linear positiva na conversão alimentar ao acréscimo de LIS nas dietas com 3.830 kcal EM indica maior eficiência dos leitões ao acréscimo do aminoácido quando o nível de energia é alto. No ensaio de metabolismo o aumento de EM sugere maior retenção de N, enquanto o acréscimo de LIS sugere menor retenção do N ou na relação Mcal de EM:% LIS. A interação observada nos dois ensaios, todavia, indica que a relação LIS:EM, depende do nível energético e da característica considerada. A variação de LIS e EM na dieta indica 4 g LIS/Mcal de EM consumida, o que corresponde à ingestão diária aproximada de 7,8 g de LIS.<br>It was studied the better digestible lysine:metabolizable energy (LIS:ME) and the effects of LIS and ME levels on performance and nitrogen retention in nursery piglets. In assay 1, 216 commercial piglets from 6.98 ± 1.16 kg (initial weight) at approximately 12 ± 0.62 kg were used and in the assay 2, 48 similar piglets at 9.31 ± 2.09 kg. The LIS levels were: 1.223, 1.302, 1.390 and 1.497% and ME: 3,510, 3,700 and 3,830 kcal/kg and were assigned in 3 &#215; 4 factorial arrangement and distributed in randomized block design. On piglets performance there was interaction of LIS and ME for piglets weight gain and feed:gain. The response for LIS on weight gain was linear ascendant in diets with 3,510 kcal and 3,830 kcal ME. In feed:gain was observed quadratic effect of LIS in diets with 3,510 kcal and linear effect of LIS in diets with 3,830 kcal ME. The quadratic effect of LIS in 3,510 kcal ME diets indicated as a optimal level 1.44% of LIS or 4.16 g LIS/Mcal of ME. The positive linear response in feed: gain with LIS inclusion in 3,830 kcal EM diets indicated that piglets respond efficiently at amino acid increase when energy level is high. In metabolism study the ME increases suggest higher N retention, whereas the LIS increases suggest reduction in N retention or in ME Mcal:LIS % rate. The observed interaction in two assays however indicate that LIS:ME rate depend of energetic level and considered characteristics. In present conditions the change of LIS and ME indicate 1.44% or 4 g LIS/Mcal ME that correspond around 7.8 g LIS/day of ingestion

Apparent digestibility of diets with different concentrations of lysine and energy in piglets with different body weights and post-weaning age Digestibilidade aparente de dietas com diferentes concentrações de lisina e energia, em leitões de diferentes pesos corporais e idade pós-desmame

The effects of body weight or age and dietary digestible lysine and metabolizable energy on apparent digestibility of energy and dry matter were evaluated in piglets after weaning. The animals were weaned at 21 days of age and distributed in two groups: 8.68 ± 0.76 kg at 28 days of age (weaned 7 days earlier); and 12.73 ± 0.99 kg at 35 days of age (weaned 14 days earlier). The pigs were allotted in digestibility cages in a completely randomized block design with the following factorial arrangements: 2 × 4 composed of two weight categories and four levels of digestible lysine (1.222; 1.305; 1.390 and 1.497%); and 2 × 3 composed of two weight categories and three levels of metabolizable energy (3,510; 3,700 and 3,830 kcal/kg rations). Digestible lysine was evaluated in six replications and metabolizable energy in eight replications and each animal constituted an experimental unit. Piglets with higher body weight and age were more efficient in nitrogen retention and energetic balance, compared to lighter and younger piglets, particularly those given lower concentration of lysine in the diet. The energy increase favored nitrogen retention by the heavier and older piglets. However, coefficients of dry matter and energy apparent digestibility did not differ among weight categories. Older and heavier piglets were more efficient in nitrogen retention, although this efficacy depended on concentration of the energy in the diet. This better use of protein and energy suggest differences on nutritional requirements.<br>Os efeitos do peso corporal ou idade e da lisina digestível e energia metabolizável dietéticas sobre a digestibilidade aparente da energia e matéria seca, foram avaliados em leitões após o desmame. Os animais foram desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e distribuídos em dois grupos: 8,68 ± 0,76 kg com 28 dias de idade (desmamados há sete dias); e 12,73 ± 0,99 kg com 35 dias de idade (desmamados há 14 dias). Foram alocados em gaiolas de digestibilidade, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso nos esquemas fatoriais: 2 × 4 composto de duas categorias de peso e quatro níveis de lisina digestível (1,222; 1,305; 1,390; e 1,497%); e 2 × 3 composto por duas categorias de peso e três níveis de energia metabolizável (3.510, 3.700 e 3.830 kcal/kg de ração). A lisina digestível foi avaliada em seis repetições e a energia metabolizável em oito repetições, considerando cada animal uma unidade experimental. Os leitões que apresentavam maior peso corporal e idade foram mais eficientes na retenção do nitrogênio e no balanço energético, comparados aos mais leves e mais novos, sobretudo os que receberam menor concentração de lisina na dieta. O aumento da energia favoreceu a retenção do nitrogênio pelos leitões mais pesados e mais velhos. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca e energia, no entanto, não diferiram entre as categorias de peso. Os leitões mais velhos e com maior peso corporal são mais eficientes na retenção do nitrogênio, contudo essa eficácia dependeu da concentração de energia da dieta. Esse melhor aproveitamento da proteína e energia sugere diferenças nas exigências nutricionais