Innovations in Evaluating Statin Benefit and Efficacy in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Intracellular Infection Management

An emerging therapeutic approach in the treatment of infectious disease is to augment the host response through repurposing of well-tolerated, non-antibiotic, host-directed therapeutics. Earlier retrospective studies identify a positive association between statin use and a decreased risk of death due to sepsis or bacteremia. However, more recent randomized control trials fail to detect a therapeutic benefit in these complex infection settings. It is postulated that unrecognized biases in certain observational studies may have led to an overestimation of benefit and that statin use is instead a marker for health status, wealth, and demographic characteristics which may separately affect death due to infection. What remains unresolved is that in vitro and in vivo evidence reproducibly indicates that statin pharmacology limits infection and augments immunomodulatory responses, suggesting that therapeutic benefits may be attainable in certain infection settings, such as intracellular infection by S. aureus. Carefully considering the biological mechanisms capable of driving the relationship between statins and infections and constructing a methodology to avoid potential biases in observational studies would enable the examination of protective effects against infection and limit the risk of underestimating statin efficacy. Such an approach would rely on the examination of statin use in defined infection settings based on an underlying mode-of-action and pharmacology, where the inhibition of HMG-CoA-reductase at the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis diminishes not only cholesterol levels but also isoprenoid intermediates central to host cell invasion by S. aureus. Therapeutic benefit in such settings, if existent, may be of clinical importance

Don\u27t Just Like Me, Promote Me: How Attachment and Attitude Influence Brand Related Behaviors on Social Media

As social media marketing becomes more pervasive, questions continue to emerge regarding utilizing the medium strategically to maximize positive brand-related outcomes. Marketers are increasingly seeking guidance for targeting consumers who will interact and behave in ways that are meaningful to the brand on social media. Understanding how individual differences among consumers can influence social media behaviors linked to valuable organizational outcomes is crucial for managers seeking to justify social media marketing expenditures. This research addresses that issue by applying Attachment Theory to social media. In Study 1, we examine the roles of two individual difference factors, attitude toward social media and attachment to social media (ASM), in predicting token and meaningful behaviors on social media. We find that while attitude toward social media and ASM are both related to token behaviors, only ASM predicts meaningful behaviors. In Study 2, we investigate attachment and attitude toward the brand and social media as predictors of offline and social media brand advocacy and demonstrate that individuals who are attached to or have a positive attitude toward the brand are more likely to engage in offline advocacy. Further, ASM adds incremental explanatory power, beyond attitude and attachment to the brand, in predicting advocacy via social media. In Study 3, we examine likelihood of advocating for a brand via social media as a moderator and find that even consumers who are not likely to be offline advocates are more likely to advocate for the brand on social media if they are strongly attached to social media. In sum, the results indicate that ASM is an important predictor of meaningful social media behaviors and is a new means by which marketers can identify consumers who are more likely to perform meaningful behaviors for brands via social media