Evaluation of resistance of new sunflower hybrids to broomrape in the breeding programs in Novi Sad

Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) presents a serious problem in sunflower production in a number of countries, it reduces sunflower seed yield and negatively affects other sunflower traits in sunflower production. Continued work on creating new sunflower hybrids resistant to broomrape requires testing of breeding materials in both field conditions and controlled conditions of a greenhouse. The best solution is to do the testing simultaneously in order to verify the congruence of the evaluation of the broomrape resistance achieved by these two methods. The screening of chosen new 15 sunflower hybrids for broomrape resistance was done in 2009 and 2010 in infected field on two locations in Vojvodina Province and in 2010 in greenhouse. Both field and the greenhouse tests rated the hybrids exclusively on the basis of presence or absence of the parasite. The infection of hybrids with broomrape has shown that out of 15 hybrids tested, 9 hybrids were resistant. These hybrids were fully resistant in both years in field conditions and controlled greenhouse conditions during one year. Fully resistant hybrids in field conditions and in greenhouse conditions NS-H-6385 and NS-H-6396 had significantly higher seed yield, seed oil content and oil yield in relation to standard

Current status of broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) in Serbia

Broomrape is the major issue in sunflower production in Serbia. Since its first occurrence, the species Orobanche cumana Wallr. had been responsible for considerable yield loss in some areas. In Serbia broomrape is present in the Vojvodina Province. Distribution and virulence groups of parasite are constantly monitored. Only two distinct broomrape populations currently exist in this part of country. Race B is dominant in the south of the Vojvodina Province and race E in the north. During 2008, sets of 8 commercial hybrids with different broomrape resistance genes were sown in regions with sunflower production. Hybrids were sown on 34 different locations. Presence of broomrape was confirmed on 6 sites. Occurrence of parasitic plants was not detected on cultivars resistant to race E. Sunflower fields in regions where broomrape was not previously detected, were surveyed. The survey revealed occurrence of broomrapes in new regions. Infested areas are located in Bor County near the state border with Romania and Bulgaria

An optimization of inner structures of the drying chamber of high temperature pneumatic drum drier

In this paper an analysis of the influence of parameters of flights from inner drying chamber structure and drying chamber is given. The influence of the following parameters on dryer working process is analyzed: number, shape and width of flights, level of coverage of cross-section drying chamber by material, rpm and drying chamber diameter. In the analytical expression for determining the amount of material seized by a curved flight, depending on the current position of the flight during drum rotation, a new parameter is introduced, compared to expression for a rectilinear flight. The expanded analytical expression could be used for optimization

Testiranje inbred linija suncokreta na tolerantnost prema beloj truleži stabla

Seventy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) inbred lines were screened for tolerance to white rot on stalk. Plants were inoculated at the budding stage with 4-day old Sclerotinia mycelium grown on PDA medium. Mycelium was placed on the leaf top and covered with tin foil, and the leaf was put into transparent nylon bag in order to maintain high humidity. Spot length on leaf was measured and plant tolerance was determined at the full flowering stage. Obtained results were analyzed by analysis of variance. Tested lines showed significant variability in response to disease. Eleven lines had lesion length less than 50% compared to susceptible control, so they could be considered tolerant and potentially interesting for breeding program.Sedamdeset inbred linija suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L) je testirano na tolerantnost prema prouzrokovaču bele truleži stabla. Biljke su inokulisane u fazi butonizacije sa 4 dana starom kolonijom gljive gajenom na PDA podlozi. Delovi podloge sa micelijom su stavljeni na vrh lista, prekriveni aluminijumskom folijom i potom providnom najlonskom kesom da bi se obezbedio visok nivo vlažnosti. Merena je dužina pega i nivo tolerantnosti u fazi punog cvetanja suncokreta. Testirane linije su pokazale značajnu varijabilnost u reakciji prema patogenu, a 11 linija čija je prosečna relativna dužina pega iznosila ispod 50% u odnosu na osetljivu kontrolu su označene kao tolerantne i potencijalno interesantne za uključivanje u proces oplemenjivanja

An optimization of inner structures of the drying chamber of high temperature pneumatic drum drier

U radu se daje analiza uticaja parametara lopatica unutrašnje ispune i komore za sušenje. Analiziran je uticaj sledećih parametara na proces rada sušare: broj, oblik i širina lopatica, stepen popunjenosti materijalom poprečnog preseka komore za sušenje, broj obrtaja i prečnik komore za sušenje. U analitičkom izrazu za određivanje količine materijala koja se nalazi na krivolinijskoj lopatici u zavisnosti od trenutnog položaja lopatice pri obrtanju bubnja sušare, uveden je novi član u odnosu na izraz za pravolinijsku lopaticu. Prošireni analitički izraz je poslužio i za optimizaciju.In this paper an analysis of the influence of parameters of flights from inner drying chamber structure and drying chamber is given. The influence of the following parameters on dryer working process is analyzed: number, shape and width of flights, level of coverage of cross-section drying chamber by material, rpm and drying chamber diameter. In the analytical expression for determining the amount of material seized by a curved flight, depending on the current position of the flight during drum rotation, a new parameter is introduced, compared to expression for a rectilinear flight. The expanded analytical expression could be used for optimization

Genetic resources and new breeding tools for sunflower improvement

Sunflower is one of the major oil crops of today, however due to its wide distribution, as well as its drought tolerance it may gain even more on its significance and become the main oil crop of the future, especially in the light of global environmental changes. This imposes a great responsibility on sunflower breeders to create more productive sunflower genotypes for future environmental changes. Exploitation of the available genetic resources in combination with the use of modern molecular and breeding tools could lead to considerable improvements in sunflower, especially with regard to different stresses and better adaptation to the climate change. Utilization of sunflower wild relatives for sunflower improvement is a long-term process which requires a lot of resources and work - from collecting of wild relatives, their maintenance, their testing and mining for desirable genes to the valorization in breeding programs. Genome-wide prediction, also known as genomic selection (GS), is one of the tools that could accelerate this process, through efficient and targeted improvement of populations and identification of parents for rapid genetic gains and improved stress resistant varieties. The application of tissue culture techniques and genetic engineering for improving the existing and introducing new traits from wild relatives into cultivated sunflower did not have much success, mainly due to the difficulty of regenerating plants in a reproducible and efficient way. Development of new breeding techniques, such as genome editing, could provide new perspectives for more efficient sunflower breeding. Generally, traits related to stress resistance ate complex phenotypic traits controlled by polvgenes, and it is usually necessary to study more than a single gene or single class of genes to understand molecular mechanisms underlying respective tolerance. Genome editing could be very useful to evaluate and validate the strength of the predictive value of a given candidate gene by easily transferring its best alleles into a set of different genetic backgrounds representative of the diversity of the genetic material used in the selection schemes. Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia, handles the largest World collection of sunflower genetic resources, consisting of over 7,000 sunflower inbred lines developed from different genetic sources and 21 perennial and 7 annual species (447 accessions in total). ‘he new breeding tools will be used for further exploitation of this collection for improvement of cultivated sunflower and creation of resilient varieties for the areas and traits where classical breeding reached its limits

New trends in oil crops breeding

Oplemenjivanje uljanih biljnih vrsta je kontinuirani proces dizajniran da poveća nivo prinosa i poboljša otpornost na biotičke i abiotičke stresove. Oplemenjivači su bili uspešni u proizvodnji velikog broja sorti koristeći konvencionalne metode oplemenjivanja koje se razlikuju u zavisnosti od vrste. Pojava novih tehnika, kao što je genomska selekcija i izmena genoma, zajedno sa efikasnim platformama za fenotipizaciju, utrle su put efikasnijem unošenju poželjnih osobina. Novi pristupi u genotipizaciji i fenotipizaciji omogućili su efikasnije prikupljanje podataka za identifikaciju kvantitativnih svojstava i objašnjenje genetske osnove agronomski važnih osobina. Međutim, još uvek ima prostora za poboljšanje, posebno u prikupljanju podataka i njihovoj integraciji. U radu je dat pregled novih tehnika oplemenjivanja uljanih biljnih vrsta, metoda fenotipizacije i mogućnosti njihove primene, uz osvrt na aktivnosti u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo vezane za njihovo uvođenje i primenu u NS oplemenjivačkim programima.Oil crops breeding and selection is a continual process designed to increase yield levels and improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Breeders have been successful in producing a large number of varieties using conventional breeding methods which vary depending on the species. Appearance of new techniques such as genomic selection and genome editing, along with efficioent phenotyping platforms, paved the way of more efficient trait introduction. Novel approaches in genotyping and phenotyping enabled more efficient data collection for identification of quantitative characters and elucidation of the genetic basis of agriculturally important traits. However, there is still room for improvement, especially in data collection and integration. This paper presents an overview of new techniques for oil crops breeding, phenotypic methods and their application, with an overview of the activities of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops related to introduction and application of these new techniques in NS breeding programs

Oil crops for 21st century – new tools for tackling changing environment

Creation of new oil crop varieties using classical breeding methods is a long-term process, sometimes not efficient enough to meet demands of changing environment and market demands of 21st century. The development and introduction into breeding programs of new techniques, such as phenotyping, genomic selection and genome editing, opened the way for more efficient introduction of desired traits into commercial varieties. Although all these new techniques have their shortcomings and demand some time for optimization and validation on the given crop/system, it is expected that in the future they will facilitate the identification of target genes and markers for complex traits, as well as adaptation of oil crops to permanent changes in the environment and the market. Researchers from Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops (IFVCNS) have already started to work on creation of oil crops for 21st century and the introduction of new techniques of genotyping and phenotyping for more efficient data collection to identify quantitative properties and explain the genetic basis of agronomically important traits. An overview of the projects and research activities of IFVCNS related to introduction of new breeding techniques and their application in IFVCNS oil crops breeding programs is presented in this paper

Assessment of stability of seed oil and protein content in confectionery hybrids using the apple AMMI analysis

High seed protein content and low oil content are the most important criteria when introducing high protein confectionary hybrids into the production. Testing new hybrids and detection of hybrids that maintain stability of the tested traits under different agro-ecological conditions is an important part of breeding programs. In order to evaluate the stability of seed oil and protein content in NS confectionery sunflower hybrids under different environmental conditions, fifteen confectionery sunflower hybrids developed at IFVCNS were examined during 2015, 2016 and 2017, in a trial set up as a randomized block design with three repetitions at the location of Rimski Šančevi. The REML random model was used for evaluation of the effects of hybrids, years and their interaction, while the AMMI multivariational analysis was applied to determine genotype (hybrid) x environment (year) interaction. The effect of genotypes (G), environments (E), and their interaction (GE) was compared considering their contribution to the total variance. In terms of seed oil content, the effect of G (70.63 %) played a more important role than the effects of E (19.36%) and GE (10%)

CROPINNO – Introducing multi-omics tools for improved crop stress resilience

Agriculture is one of the “victims” of climate change and one of the most severely affected sectors. It has become evident that as the climate changes, crop production strategies must change as well, including primarily adaptations through breeding and crop management. In the future, it is expected that integrative approaches that combine -omics technologies by using bioinformatic tools will facilitate the identification of target genes and markers for complex traits and facilitate crop adaptation to the changing environment. Within its activities, Twinning project CROPINNO will implement at and validate different phenotyping and multi-omics tools in breeding for improved stress resilience. Sunflower is chosen as a model crop for validation of different tools and approaches since it is considered as potential model crop for adaptation to a changing environment. Activities within CROPINNO are aimed at: i) pre-screening sunflower genotypes from IFVCNS collection using for biotic and abiotic stress resilience using different phenotyping methods; ii) study of effects of drought on sunflower plants at chromatin and transcriptional level; iii) performing whole genome SNP analysis in order to develop SNP-based markers for drought stress resilience; iv) performing integrated data analysis and comparative bioinformatics for drought responses in order to unveil possible direct correlations between stress-induced genes transcriptional variation and histone modification levels and design of networks of candidate genes for sunflower drought tolerance. Models, tools and know-how developed on sunflower will be transferred and implemented in the breeding programs of other main field crops at IFVCNS and Western Balkans region